Guns The Root Of All Violence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1808 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gun Violence Essay Did you like this example? Gun violence has aroused disputable controversies, both about the causes and solutions surrounding firearms. As time has progressed, the occurrence of mass shootings have become a dominant topic in the media, resulting in the question: should we outlaw guns? The second amendment, created in 1789, vocalizes mans right to bear arms. However, the escalating deaths originating from firearms displays the irreversible impacts these weapons have. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Guns: The Root Of All Violence?" essay for you Create order Prominent examples include the Sandy Hook, Pulse Nightclub, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, and the Texas Church Shootings, all occurring within a ten year time period. The definition of a mass shooting described by the FBI is an incident where four or more people are wounded or killed, the United States holding one third of these events. The Brady Bill, implemented in 1993 became a large stepping stone for gun control, leading to 976,000 denials of licenses in 2003. While some people argue that mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and societal illness like toxic masculinity contribute to the detrimental effects of gun violence, others argue that mental illnesses do not contribute to the effects of gun violence; possible solutions to correct this issue would be extensive background checks and the ban of bumper stocks. Mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and problematic stigmas surrounding the definition of masculinity, consisting of the glorification of violence and hostile behavior, contribute to gun violence. People with mental illnesses are a hazard to the public, as 60% of perpetrators of mass shootings in the United States since 1970 displayed symptoms including acute paranoia, delusions, and depression before committing their crimes (Ruddell). The 60% of those who possessed a mental illness had access to firearms, allowing the tragic deaths of children, mothers, and innocent bystanders to occur. Patients with spontaneous and aggressive impulses should not have access to hazardous weapons, since one consequence could be communities that are haunted with gruesome memories of the casualties. Those with mental illnesses should be restricted from accessing firearms due to their unawareness of wrong and right, potentially leading to permanent misfortunes. Specific mental illnesses in conjunctio n with fatal weapons jeopardize the safety of communities and lead to destruction, all of which are easily preventable with meticulous background checks. Additionally, toxic masculinity has contributed to gun violence. Many boys from a young age are bombarded with the constant exposure of gore and violence, induced by brutal video games, inappropriate toys, and war. Many are expected to push aside their natural instinct of fear and face grave conditions with a brave face. If they falter, they would be perceived as fragile and unworthy of the title as a man. Myritten states, men with weapons have the power, men are often expected by tradition to be either warriors and/or protectors, and failure to live up to these expectations leads to violence. Society assumes that dominance is tethered to the perfect image of a man, as boys from a young age have been embedded with the expectation to obtain leadership positions. If the expectations of a man are not fulfilled, these consisting of bei ng emotionless, courageous, and the breadwinners of the household, they are considered less of a one. The perpetual cycle that men encounter because of societys suffocating guidelines of what actions men are allowed to perform, contribute to mens desensitization of violence. The cycle that was forged on boys by society at a tender age causes men to become bound to their accustomed habits of normalizing war and violence. Mental illnesses such a schizophrenia and destructive social stigmas are one of the causes for gun violence. The notion that mental illnesses are the cause of gun violence largely categorizes a vast number of people as unstable, ruthless characters. The media is one of the culprits, as they frame those with mental illnesses to be belligerent patients. Siegel displays the influence social media has, as news stories describing acts of gun violence by persons with SMI (Severe mental illnesses) may exacerbate negative attitudes about an already stigmatized population. The phrase mental illness already holds a negative connotation and is a topic that is often submerged. Often, the media depicts those suffering from mental illnesses as corrupt citizens, resulting in the sway of public opinion to restrict firearms from patients instead of banning the weapons themselves. Large social media platforms do not specify each condition such a paranoia, schizophrenia, severe depression and anxiety. Instead, the media largely categorizes a vast, diverse population to depict a stereotypical hostile individua l. Additionally, civilians with the intent to harm others are difficult to detect as we lack tools capable of accurately identifying persons with SMI (severe mental illnesses) who are at heightened risk of committing future violence (McGinty). The media sheds an unflattering light on those with mental illnesses and presents them all as dangerous criminals; however, these mental illnesses are difficult to read and examine. Mental illness is a complex subject and has varying causes, the inaccuracy exhibited by social media to group them all in the same category displays ignorance. Although research has shown that those with mental illnesses have attributed to gun violence, detecting and predicting a pattern in patients is difficult. There is not a specific guideline or rubric to follow when one is attempting to predict a patients intent to proceed with a mass shooting. Therefore, mental illnesses do not contribute to gun violence and its attention should be refocused to banning guns a s a whole. Extensive background checks should be continued, eliminating the mentally ill from retrieving these firearms. Rigorous checks should be implemented instead of hasty glances at a candidates background. Research has shown a positive impact involving how background check rates are associated withsignificant decreases in the rate of gun accidents, and insignificant increases in firearm suicide (Friedman). The data shown enforces that background checks have decreased the rate of gun activity, concluding that the mentally ill should be restricted from retrieving weapons. Communities would transform into safer atmospheres, void of criminal activity and gruesome scenes of murders. The rate of activity would continue to drop if extensive checkups were placed along with routine monthly checks. If suspicious activity is found or reported, authoritative figures could delve into the situation and resolve the problem. As a result, the candidate would become cleared or have their gun privileges rev oked. Moreover, those with certain mental illnesses are reported to have erratic tendencies and are difficult to restrain. Lang emphasizes the importance of discussion involving mental illnesses as there was a link with aggressiveness and those possessing a mental illness, as those with schizophrenia, major depression, or bipolar disorder † were two to three times as likely as people without such an illness to be assaultive. The author does not generalize the entire population of those with mental illnesses, but specifies those that have the potential to be harmful. The rate of aggressiveness stemming from those with specific mental illnesses provides a statistical view as to how they could wreak havoc on communities. Disorders such as schizophrenia and depression retain sporadic impulses that can increase aggressiveness, leading to violence. The startling probability that those with mental illnesses are two to three times more likely to perform assaults should be alarming and cause a response for action. If in depth background checks were practiced, candidates that raised warning signals would promptly be denied. Extensive background checks would be a safety precaution to eliminate impulsive, unfit candidates. Countless lives could be saved if frequent background checks are installed. A bumper stock is an accessory that enables consumers to fire bullets faster, shortening the time it takes for a gun to recoil after a shot is fired. These attachments should be banned to decrease the number of potential bullets fired from those suffering from mental illnesses and those without. The accessory should not be permitted, as it transforms a regular firearm to a perilous automatic weapon used in war. Many influential figures have spoken, one being Bill Flores as he expressed theres no reason for a typical gun owner to own anything that converts a semi-automatic to something that behaves like an automatic (Elis). The representative of Texas, a republican state, has contradicted the routine view of guns. Bill Flores, a credible source and a representative of a pro firearm state displays the problematic impacts of firearms. The disasters that have been afflicted by bumper stocks outweighs what might be described as the benefits of these accessories. The conversion of firing a few to hundreds of bullets in minutes is a dramatic and alarming change. The action should be prohibited, as many citizens, including those with mental illnesses could abuse its ability. Hunters have excused the casualties caused by bumper stocks by describing the enjoyment of ruthlessly hunting animals using the accessory. Hunting meek innocent animals compared to the anarchy that guns have caused in the United States displays Americans absurd priorities. Bumper stocks have been the cause of tragedies in the United States have included the use of bumper stocks, one being the gunman who killed 59 people at a Las Vegas concert Sunday (Bolton). The Las Vegas mass shooting is the most detrimental event in United States history involving guns. The heightened impact of bumper stocks is displayed in this instance, as the accessory was abused for malicious intent. Stephen Paddock, the perpetrator, was documented using the a bumper stock that accelerates the recoiling of a gun. Easily, Pad dock fired hundreds of bullets into what was once a peaceful crowd. By banning bumper stocks, a dramatic decline in the death tolls involving gun activities would occur. This would result in safer environments for future generations to enjoy, without the lurking threats of mass shootings in unexpected settings. Firearms should be regulated due to its irreversible impacts on American citizens and U.S. history. These weapons of war have subjected our children, friends, and loved ones in a constant state of unexpected peril. Families fear to send their children to school, in hopes that they safely return without a bullet wound. A lack of gun education, background checks, and stricter firearm laws have made locations such as churches, schools, and the movie theaters targets for horrific massacres. Firearms are the culprit for the robbing of thousands of innocent lives every year and the need to banish these weapons become more and more apparent. The United States has confronted traumatic experiences due to firearms, as these weapons have imprinted images of bloodshed in citizens minds. If these weapons were abolished or regulated strictly, the United States could have the opportunity to reconcile and heal from the countless lives lost. News broadcasting another mournful mass shooting would beco me nonexistent to upcoming generations contrasting to how citizens today have been desensitized because of its frequency. If these weapons were banned or closely regulated, a state of harmony could be reached due to the silencing the sound of bullets, the cries of innocent victims, and the protests of the concerned.

The Traits of Heathclif in Wuthering Heights Essay

In Emily Brontà «s book, Wuthering Heights, we, the reader, are introduced to a group of interesting characters. The antiheroic main character, Heathcliff, is a complex character with many distinguishing traits. Heathcliff acts upon his feelings and creates quite a reputation for himself. Heathcliff is full of vengeance, nonetheless, he is very loving. Heathcliffs vengeance is shown and proven throughout the book. Even as a child Heathcliff would say things such as, Im trying to settle how I shall pay-back. I dont care how long I wait, if I can only do it, at last. I hope he will not die before I do?No, God won?t have the satisfaction that I shall?I only wish I knew the best way! Let me alone, and I?ll plan it out: while I?m†¦show more content†¦Hindley?s father favored Heathcliff, causing Hindley to dislike Heathcliff. Hindley treated Heathcliff as a nonentity and didn?t care about what happened to him. Heathcliff didn?t forget this, and when he got older he began to ga mble with Hindley. Hindley would gamble because after the birth of his son, Hareton, his if died and caused him to go mad. Heathcliff gambled with Hindley until his death, which got Hindley into debt. At this point, Heathcliff says to Hareton ?Now, my bonny lad, you are mine! And we?ll see if one tree won?t grow as crooked as another, with the same wind to twist it.? (Brontà « 175) This means that Heathcliff?s revenge on Hindley was on his son. Although this took a long time, Heathcliff kept his word and got the revenge he deserved. Although it seems like Heathcliff?s want for revenge takes over him often, Heathcliff is also a very loving individual. The love of his life, Catherine, expresses her love to Heathcliff, but then goes to marry someone else. Catherine leaves Heathcliff heartbroken, but his unconditional love doesn?t fail her. Right after Catherine?s death Heathcliff says ?Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest, as long as I am living!?haunt me?Be with me always-- tak e any form-- drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you!?I cannot live without my life. I cannot live without my soul.? (Brontà « 156-157) This shows that even though Catherine tells

Similarities and differences between Syria and Lebanon free essay sample

In the world, there are thousands of beautiful countries. In Arab world each country it own beauty. Most of people in Arab world treading between Syria and Lebanon by which country better to visit, because they are a great and beautiful countries There are many similarities between them. Some of the similarities between the two countries are the weather, number of religions and currency while the three main differences are area and population, number of governorates and tourism. The similarities between Syria and Lebanon are weather, number of religions and currency. About the first similarity is the weather. For example In Syria the weather is extremely the same which is very cold with rain, cloud and ice and in the summer the weather is cool, it is the same thing in Lebanon. The second similarity is number of religions, both of Syria and Lebanon have three religions which are Islam, Christianity and Judaism but the most people in the two countries are Muslims. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and differences between Syria and Lebanon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last similarity between them is the currency which is Syrian and Lebanese pound and on they own language its Lira. The differences between Syria and Lebanon are area and population, number of governorates, political system and tourism. First difference is the area. The area of Syria is 186,475 km? and the population is 22. 4 million while the area of Lebanon is 10,400 km? and the population is 4. 425 million, which means that Syria is bigger than Lebanon but the population in Lebanon is higher than the population in Syria. The second difference is number of governorates. Syria have 14 governorates and it capital is Damascus but In Lebanon there are six governorates only and it capital is Beirut. The last different between Syria and Lebanon is the tourism. The last period of time Syria is passing through a big war so every tourist city inside it is destroyed and the all nature is damaged so Syria need a very long period of time to get back as well as it was but Lebanon have a lot of places to visit for instant restaurants, cafes and natural areas. In conclusion, Syria and Lebanon are two from the most beautiful countries in Arab world. Syria and Lebanon have the same, number of religions and currency and have different are area and population, number of governorates and tourism. I advice all of tourists to visit Lebanon and have fun with it restaurants, cafes and natural areas, and prey for Syria to get back as soon as it can.

Prison Violence UK

Question: Critically discuss the reasons given for violence in UK prisons. Answer: Prison Violence in UK Prisons Prisons do not possess a normal environment as all the criminals are kept there. So, it is not wise to confuse a prison environment with the normal environment. According to Bottoms, a prison is qualitatively greater than any other social institutions, it is actually a physical place which consists of a history and ethos of punishment. People with a history of violence are kept in prison for punishment and behavioral change. Prison is a place where people with a scarred history of violence attributes gathered in a place organized by staffs greatly outnumbered. The main aim of these staffs is to maintain discipline and peaceful environment. In recent years, the amount of violent incidents took place in UK prisons has increased gradually (Earle and Phillips, 2012). Violent acts include, suicides, self-harm incidents, attacks on prison staffs and sexual assaults are predominant. In the year of 2014, total number of 84 people committed suicide in comparison with 75 people in 2013. This i s the highest amount of suicide case in last seven years. A survey carried out by MoJ statistics show that there is an increase of 5 percent rise in self-harming cases. Fights in prisons increased nearly about 11 percent. Sexual assault cases were noted to be 170. These statistical data portraits the fact that prison violence is continuously in the UK. One of the theories behind the causes of this increase suggests that an increasing amount of prisoner in a single prison can cause psychological violent attributes among the prisoners. There is a total number of 84,865 prisoners in England only (Earle and Phillips, 2012). The Chief Inspector of Prisons, Nick Hardwick stated that the number increased population prisons are one of the major reasons behind the rising of suicide rates. The number of self harm incidents rose up to 24,748 incidents (Earle and Phillips, 2012). It is a concerning issue and the authorities should demonstrate some urgency to deal with this issue. The aim of thi s report is to highlight the major reasons which directly or indirectly influences prison violence incidents and design or suggest suitable interventions to overcome the issues. Some recent articles suggest that there are several reasons behind the rising rate of prison violence. Lahm concluded that, the theory of importation is applicable as both age and aggressiveness are Co related. These two aspects play a robust predictor of assault across all types of prison contexts. The theory of deprivation also plays a vital role as non-white prisoners engaged more in prison violence incidents. He also concluded that, rate of violence for aggressive prisoners are higher than other inmates. He also found that inmates under 25 participate in violent acts more than more aged prisoners (Earle and Phillips, 2012). Bottoms proposed that speculative and interactive model consisting good order and discipline in prisons comprising of a central role of legitimation. He supported to conceptualize the fairness of staffs, distributive fairness that is quality of discipline and complaints and fairness of the authority. He also agrees with the conceptual theory by referencing the Woolf inquiry and Ahmads study of inmates. The actual definition of prison violence is any which consists abuse, threat or assault of a person (Schenk and Fremouw, 2012). The explicit and implicit aspects of the prisoners safety, well-being and is also to be considered. The harm caused by violence can be physical, emotional or psychological. There are several cases of violence recorded in UK prisons. The murder of an Asian origin teenager named Zahid Mubarak is one of the most discussed cases. He was an inmate in the Feltham Young Offenders institution. The incident took place in the year of 2000 (Worrall and Morris, 2012). Another incident which can be highlighted is the attack on Peter Sutcliffe. The incident took place in F2. Also known as the hospital wing of the Parkhurst Prison. The attack took place on 10th of January, 1983.The attack was very severe and brutal. Peter suffered from such injury that he had thirty stitches. The attacker used a broken coffee jar as a tool. Another case which is famous is the murder of chi ld rapist Mitchell Harrison. The murder took place at the Durhams Frankland prison in the year of 2012. There are several other reports every year of similar sort of cases taking place in the UK prisons (Bennett, Crewe and Wahidin, 2013). Violence activities in the prisons can be categorized in several domains. Violence activities include verbal abuse, cell thefts, Exclusions, Robbery, threats, assaults, sexual assaults, bullying trading etc. Verbal abuses are considered as verbally cursing or using abusive language against someone. Cell thefts are stealing someone elses property (Crewe, Warr, Bennett and Smith, 2013). This kind of violence occurs between inmates only. Exclusion is forcing another prisoner to do something which he does not approve of. For example, one prisoner is forcing another prisoner to claim the privilege of T.V. Channels. Robbery is robbing prison property for own privilege. Threats are one of the most concerning prison violence lately. Threats are mainly given due to debts for money or drugs. Assaults are the most predominant violence in prisons in the UK. Though the rate of prison assaults is lower in number by comparison with the USA. Bullying is also regular incidents in the prisons. Sexual assaults are also increasing in the prisons. Trading includes sharing and lending in order to acquire profit. Lending often leads to extortion and robbery (Mulcahy, Merrington and Bell, 2013). Through the data mentioned above, it can be stated that violence in UK prisons is becoming a major concerning issue. To overcome this situation, one has to identify the causes of violent acts. Through the broad line researches, some causes are identified (Ginn, 2012). The effect of prison violence is found to be highly proactive in the regions of the United Kingdom. Various researches have been conducted within the country which focuses towards the exploration of prison violence and the ways to minimize its consequences. Moreover, exploring the staff violence against the prisoners is considered equally viable for these researchers. According to the latest information regarding Prison Violence, it can be analyzed that this issue is not only prevalent within the premises of United Kingdom, but also prevailed in other countries. Thus, an international concern regarding the situation was highlighted by most of the researchers, which stated to be one of the most serious affairs in the contemporary world (Wulf-Ludden, 2013). The environment and social nature of prisons are identified as the major reason behind the rising rate of violence in the prison. If the environment is not social and friendly, then the inmates become more aggressive towards co-inmates (Walsh, Davies, Bagshaw and Payne, 2012). Research evidence shows that the number of prison violence acts depends on the vulnerability of victimization. It is also suggested that violence in prisons is directly related to some factors such as young age, race or community, homosexuality, transexuality, severness of the offense, etc. racial discrimination and institutional also plays a vital role in the case of prison violence in the UK. There is also a theory that that victimization of prisoner by some co-prisoners are actually an opposite act as they were also victims of prison violence (Mason, 2012). Another aspect of the causes of rising prison violence is confining a large number of prisoners in a single prison. When a large number of persons are kept in a small place, it is natural that they will engage in violent acts (Earle and Phillips, 2012). One of the basic issues highlighted by the researchers focus towards the over crowdedness of the prisons. It had been observed that the prison population was doubled since 1994. Counting on the figure, it can be analyzed that the total population of the prisoners was estimated to be around 48,631. Doubling of the prison population had a huge effect on the level of prison violence within the premises. Focusing on the Howard League for Penal Reforms, one can easily identify the rate of prison over crowdedness within the United Kingdom (Earle and Phillips, 2012). In Kennet (HMPS) the Certified Normal Accommodation was estimated to be around 175. However, it was estimated that the population, which was sustained within the premises of Kennet, was 317. Thus, there was a total surplus of 142 more prisoners accommodated within the space of 175 (which accounted to 181% surplus content). Focusing to the second prison name; Leeds (HMPS), it can be accounted that the prison has an accommodation for 669 prisoners (Badger, Vaughan, Woodward, and Williams, 2014). However, due to the growing number of prisoners in the United Kingdom, this increased to 1,166. Thus, there was an excess of 497 (accounting to be 174% surplus content) within the premises. Highlighting towards the third case associated to Wandsworth (HMPS), it can be estimated that the prison has an accommodation for 943 prisoners. But, the survey result tinted towards the evidence of 1,577 existing prisoners within the premises. In the Swansea (HMPS) prison, the total accommodation of 271 get s overshot by 163%, as there is an evidence for 442 prisoners residing within the prison. Finally, the case of Exeter (HMPS) highlights towards the CNA of 318 prisoners. However, like the other case studies, it can be estimated that this prison also has the evidence for enrolling 511 prisoners within their premises and thereby overshooting the net prison population by 161% (Baillot, Cowan and Munro, 2012). Another cause, which can be pointed out, is the prison authority. Behavior of prison authority can raise a significant amount of frustration, powerlessness, deprivation. Feeling like this can provoke a rebellion mind state, which will result in prison violence (Badger, Vaughan, Woodward, and Williams, 2014). Theoretical models suggest that management practices should be maintained critically in order to control prison violence. Through studies, it is proven that prison management in UK prisons are not up to the mark. In a study carried out by McCorkel, suggests that correctional staffs of juvenile institutions promote and induce juveniles to use force on other co-inmates (Cole, 2012). Several studies suggest that, architectural designs such as prison cell structure also affect the prisoners psychologically. In the United Kingdom, many of the prison cells are common, that is, in one cell, a numerous amount of prisoners reside. It is proven that, keeping more prisoners in a single cell increases the rate of violence. If the prisoners are kept separately, then there is a decrease in prison violence (Sudbury, 2014). In 2012, it was estimated that nearly 12,000 prisoners faced the issue of over-crowdedness. It was estimated that the accommodation was nearly half of the total number of prisoners residing within the various prisons of the United Kingdom (Sudbury, 2014). Reflecting towards the consequences of overcrowding, it can be analyzed that there was a record of 15,000 acts of violence associated with a single year. Thus, from the figures provided by the Howard League for Penal Reforms, it can be easily analyzed that there is an effective interconnection between overcrowding of the prisoners along with the increase in the rate of violence associated to a prison (Badger, Vaughan, Woodward, and Williams, 2014). Ethically, it can be stated that every move of a prisoner should be efficiently and effectively monitored through CCTV footages. Complete surveillance based on this protocol is highly recommendable, as it is one of the most accepted protocols accepted in the worldwide. Apart from the CCTV footages, the Office-In-Charge of the prisons need to monitor the prisoners and keep a track of their daily moves. However, 15,000 reports of violence have been estimated which occurs mainly due to the surveillance protocol of the officers associated with the prison (Gilligan and Pratt, 2013). One of the most effective consequences associated to prison violence is Child Death (Langbein, 2012). Due to improper environment and ineffective administration system associated with the prisons of the United Kingdom, it was estimated that nearly 34 children died in the custody since 1990. Focusing more towards the evidences, it can be analyzed that two children died within a single month (January, 2012), which resulting in severe catastrophe within the country. Issues regarding safety and lifestyle were at stake. However, it was observed that there was never been a large scale public inquiry regarding the prevention of these death consequences (Mears, 2012). Based on these evidences, one can reflect towards a case study of Adam Rickwood. He was considered as the youngest prisoner to die within the prison (Scott and Gosling, 2015). He hanged himself after being restrained by four adult care providers situated in Hassockfield Secure Training Centre. He was retained within this prison for a month on the charge of wounding. The care givers implied nose distraction as the restraint, which was similar to a karate like a chopper. He was wounded on his nose and thereby bled for 1 hour. After six hours, he committed suicide within the premises of the cell (Shaffer et al. 2015). Apart from the consequence of Adam Rickwood, there are other brutal references associated with this context. Based on the recent survey reports, it can be analyzed that 20% of the investigations associated with self-inflicted deaths occurred due to the mistreatments from the other prisoners. Responding towards such violence was concerned as the prime factor of the investigation department of the country. In 2008, the Secretary of State committed the National Offender Management Services (NOMS) for the policy of Zero Tolerance, which was against the violence practices within the custody. The Prison Service Order (PSO) 2750: Violence Reduction highlighted towards the public sector prisons to involve local violence reduction strategy. This would be helpful in minimizing the torture level to some extent within the custody. From mid-2007, this policy was also enforced to the contracted estates, to maximize its effects throughout the country (Scott and Gosling, 2015). The PPO local strategies target towards minimizing the violence by several means. The commonly followed sectors involved; conflict resolutions, presenting dynamic securities, problem solving approaches, effective risk management, addressing towards the organization and environmental factors, behavioral management for the individuals and the offender management processes. The provision for the prisoners to consult their viewpoint regarding the reduction of violence is implemented within the prisons of the United Kingdom (Langbein, 2012). There is also an aspect where staff experience plays an important role in rising of prison violences in the United Kingdom Liebling and Arnold, 2012). Inexperience staffs are victims of violence by prisoners. According to Kratcoski, trainee prison officers faced numerous amount of prison violence in the past several years. In a study carried out by Munroe suggests that, the inexperience prison officer has a tendency to engage themselves in numerous prison violence cases as they are often perceived but the aggressiveness of prisoners. One of the major reasons behind this phenomenon can be pointed out as the jail staffs are not provided with an adequate amount of training. Due to lack of training, they have no experience and presence of mind to handle situations which are found in prisons (Coyle, 2013). Another aspect which can be highlighted is amount corruption level. It is very much clear no government administration is completely corruption free. Due to corruption, jail staff tends to be biased or favorable towards one particular prisoner or a group of prisoner. As a result a level of discrimination is created among the jail staffs. These kind of acts actually disrupts the normal balance among a particular jail prisoners. The National Offender Management Service (NOMS) introduced in 2004 by the Ministry of Justice states plays a vital role in setting strategic policies to keep control over the custodial services and the prison capacity. Primarily all the public sector prisons in the UK are by the agency (Trammell, 2012). The agency is solely responsible for managing the overall custodial service to promote proper support and assistance to the prisoners (Mullins, 2013). It is in the same year that the NOMS formulated an agreement termed as zero tolerance about violence reduction in prisons (Edgar and ODonell, 2014). The zero tolerance policy is a primary component of criminology and is commonly used as a formal and informal policing around the world (Mullins, 2013). The zero tolerance policy primarily imposes a decision regarding the automatic punishment regarding eliminating intolerable conducts. In other words, zero tolerance policies forbid the persons in authority from exercising any discretion or changing punishments to fit the situation respectively (Bierie, 2013). The authorities have only the power to apply the predetermined sentences regardless of the situation or individual. The authorities are also advised not to implement any severe punishment regarding the zero tolerance policy (Bierie, 2013). By the fact of responding to violence in prisons, apart from the zero-tolerance agreement, a set of rules, regulations and guidelines have also been established which are primarily outlined by the Prison Service Orders (PSOs) and Prison Service Instructions (PSIs) (Berman and Dar, 2013). The PSOs was issued on 31st July 2009. The central vision of the PSOs is to provide a set of terms and conditions that need stop be implemented to reduce the violence within the prisons. Thus, the PSO's helped in introducing certain laws and amendments that provided strict restrictions on the severe punishments that are primarily imposed on the prisoners. Thus, the prime target was to eliminate or reduce the violence inside the jail, which are faced on a large extent by the prisoners. The prison Service Order is guided by a set of PSO Prison numbers, which represents various kinds of rules and regulations. From the several sets of PSO numbers, PSO 2750 represents violence reduction for the prisoners (Berman and Dar, 2013). The law is primarily supplemented by a series of administrative regulations and guidelines. The orders also provided the management instructions and are primarily issued by the headquarters to offer a detailing about the prisoner documents, which includes the letters and visits, prison discipline (Liebling and Arnold, 2012). The orders seem to serve as a strategy, which tends to operate in an appropriate framework supported by a set of precise rules and guidelines. The 2011 PPO report suggested certain recommendations for the staffs, which include Recording and sharing of information regarding the bullying incidents Updating the regular entries Focusing on providing safety to a particular prison regarding information Use of other relevant methods to identify any bullying activity associated with any activity of the jail. Thus, the implementation of the effective strategies, which mainly includes the zero tolerance agreement and the PSO violent reduction act helped in providing the necessary guidelines to resolve the problem associated with violence in prisons. These strategies can be applied in prisons across the United Kingdom to overcome the current situation and reduce the amount of violent acts in prisons (Liebling and Arnold, 2012). The main aspect of this study is to highlight the current scenario of prisons situated in the United Kingdom. As, we all know, every proposal should be backed with proper references and statistical data. From the statistical data provided, it can be concluded that the current scenario is worse. For the past decade, the situation is gradually decreasing, resulting in an increase of violent acts such as suicides, self-harm incidents, attacks on prison staffs and sexual assaults. It can be also highlighted that the corruption is also affecting the situation, making it worse. For the last ten years, The Government of United Kingdom has implemented many steps and strategies to overcome this situation (Badger, Vaughan, Woodward, and Williams, 2014). But according to current statistical data, thos strategies are doing no good. Overcorwedness in prisons is highlighted as the most predominant factor giving rise to prison violences. The amount of prisoner in the United Kingdom jails is greater than the total amount of spectators can fit in the Wembley stadium. To make things better, the United Kingdom Government should take steps to reduce the population density of jails. Building new coreectional centres is the only way through which the aim can be achieved. The Government of United Kingdom should act straightaway in order to manage the current scenario. Juvenile prisoners are committing suicide, which is not a good sign for the government administrators and the society as well (Badger, Vaughan, Woodward, and Williams, 2014). Monitoring each and every prisoner, profiling each prisoner according to the committed crime can be implemented to make the situation better. It is clear that, only the government can make the situation better. Thinking prisoners as a normal human being and providing them care and comfort which also affect their current behavior. Prisoners who often engage in violent acts should be provided with CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) in order for the b etterment of their mental condition (Badger, Vaughan, Woodward, and Williams, 2014). It is clear that, violent acts are increasing day by day, which is also affecting the social-structure of the United Kingdom. As, a result proper steps should be implemented for the betterment of all parties involved (Badger, Vaughan, Woodward, and Williams, 2014). References: Badger, D., Vaughan, P., Woodward, M. and Williams, P., 2014. Planning to meet the needs of offenders with mental disorders in the United Kingdom.Psychiatric Services. Baillot, H., Cowan, S. and Munro, V.E., 2012. Hearing the Right Gaps Enabling and Responding to Disclosures of Sexual Violence within the UK Asylum Process.Social Legal Studies,21(3), pp.269-296. Bennett, J., Crewe, B. and Wahidin, A. eds., 2013.Understanding prison staff. Willan. Berman, G. and Dar, A., 2013. Prison population statistics.London: House of Commons Library. Bierie, D.M., 2013. Procedural justice and prison violence: Examining complaints among federal inmates (20002007).Psychology, Public Policy, and Law,19(1), p.15. Cole, S., 2012.At the Violet Hour: Modernism and Violence in England and Ireland. Oxford University Press. Coyle, A., 2013. Change management in prisons1.Understanding Prison Staff, p.231. Crewe, B., Warr, J., Bennett, P. and Smith, A., 2013. The emotional geography of prison life.Theoretical Criminology, p.1362480613497778. Earle, R. and Phillips, C., 2012. Digesting men? Ethnicity, gender and food: Perspectives from a prison ethnography.Theoretical Criminology,16(2), pp.141-156. Edgar, K. and O'Donnell, I., 2014. 4 Tracking the pathways to violence in prison.Researching Violence: Methodology and Measurement, p.69. Gilligan, G. and Pratt, J. eds., 2013.Crime, Truth and Justice. Routledge. Ginn, S., 2012. Prison environment and health.BMJ,345. Langbein, J.H., 2012.Torture and the law of proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Rgime. University of Chicago Press. Liebling, A. and Arnold, H., 2012. Social relationships between prisoners in a maximum security prison: Violence, faith, and the declining nature of trust.Journal of Criminal Justice,40(5), pp.413-424. Mason, P. ed., 2012.Criminal visions. Routledge. Mears, D.P., 2012. The prison experience: Introduction to the special issue.Journal of Criminal Justice,40(5), pp.345-347. Mulcahy, E., Merrington, S. and Bell, P.J., 2013. The radicalisation of prison inmates: a review of the literature on recruitment, religion and prisoner vulnerability.Journal of human security,9(1), pp.4-14. Mullins, J., 2013. Safeguarding in prisons.Mental Health Practice,17(3). Schenk, A.M. and Fremouw, W.J., 2012. Individual characteristics related to prison violence: A critical review of the literature.Aggression and Violent Behavior,17(5), pp.430-442. Scott, D. and Gosling, H.J., 2015. Before prison, instead of prison, better than prison: therapeutic communities as an abolitionist real utopia.International Journal of Crime, Justice and Social Democracy,4(3). Shaffer, C., McCuish, E., Corrado, R.R., Behnken, M.P. and DeLisi, M., 2015. Psychopathy and violent misconduct in a sample of violent young offenders.Journal of Criminal Justice,43(4), pp.321-326. Sudbury, J., 2014.Global lockdown: Race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex. Routledge. Trammell, R., 2012.Enforcing the convict code: Violence and prison culture. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Walsh, J.L., Davies, J., Bagshaw, R. and Payne, E., 2012. Staff Beliefs About the Negotiation of Serious Prison Incidents.Criminal Justice and Behavior,39(1), pp.59-70. Worrall, J.L. and Morris, R.G., 2012. Prison gang integration and inmate violence.Journal of Criminal Justice,40(5), pp.425-432. Wulf-Ludden, T., 2013. Interpersonal relationships among inmates and prison violence.Journal of Crime and Justice,36(1), pp.116-136.

On My First Daughter And On My First Son Essays - Literature

On My First Daughter And On My First Son Kimberly A. Samuels When comparing two poems, several aspects need to be considered. Speaker and tone, subject, figurative language, and imagery are these aspects. When comparing and contrasting Ben Jonson's two poems: ?on my first daughter? and ?on my first son? it is these aspects that have to be considered. These poems contain many of these aspects and they are both very similar and very at the same time. The subject of both poems is the reaction a parent has to their child's death, although ?on my first daughter? is about a girl and ?on my first son? is about a boy. The speaker in ?On my first daughter? is an unknown person talking about two parents. In ?On my first son? the speaker is the parent himself. The two poems are very similar in that they are about the death of a child, and how that death if affecting each parent. Both poems also contain figurative language. ?On my first daughter? uses several metaphors. She was the ?daughter of their youth?, and a gift from heaven. ?On my first son? also uses metaphors when the boy is described as his fathers ?best piece of poetry?. The tone and language are also very similar in both poems, yet the tone in ?on my first son? is slightly different. In ?On my first daughter?, the tone says that the parents are deeply upset about the loss of their daughter. She lies dead ?to both her parents ruth? and her mothers' tears must be comforted, because she was so innocent. Although the tone in ?On my first son? also says that the father is upset with his son's death, it also portrays that the father is having doubts about being upset. When he says ?for why will man lament the state he should envy? shows that the father knows his son is in a better place and that he should cry but envy him, and be proud because his son was his ?best piece of poetry. In conclusion, while both poems are very similar in the aspects of subject, and figurative language, the tone is what differentiates them because although both poems possess a tone that says the parents are grieving about their child's death, the second poem changes at the end, and almost comes to a tone that is understanding on the fathers part, so even though all these aspects are attributed to making these poems so similar, they also make these poems, with a similar subject, very different. Poetry and Poets

Color vs. Gender essays

Color vs. Gender essays Discrimination and exclusion have been a part of our country for as many years as America is old. Gender has certainly played an enormous role in the history of discrimination, as have many different races. While a case can be made for women being discriminated against and excluded, there is no single group that has contributed to the histories of discrimination more than African Americans. If one is forced to compare, there is no comparison. Lives can not be compared with hardship. A simple solution to this argument could be found by adding the number of African American lives lost in relation to racism. The history of the modern world would not be complete without the story of the African American struggle for freedom in America. African Americans have been dealing with, and fighting against racism for many centuries. From the earliest moments after the arrival of the Europeans at the turn of the sixteenth century until the achievement of emancipation at the end of the nineteenth century (and even after this in some cases), enslaved Africans and indigenous people who faced enslavement, removal, and confinement in many combinations staged armed revolts Winant, P.64). The main reason for these revolts was not for the right to be free, but for the right to have family. Slave trading was breaking up families at alarming rates. After revolting for centuries, slaves were finally offered freedom. In a pattern to be repeated throughout the Americas, many states allowed blacks, including escaped slaves, to fight in their regiments during the war, granting them freedom in return for military service(Winant, P.67). African Americans were forced to join forces with the enemy. The very institution that held them captive was now forcing them to fight on what was to them, the enemys side, but this would in no way turn out to be the end of hardship. It is hard to imagine a period of time that could...

The Medias Role in Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Medias Role in Terrorism - Research Paper Example      World renown terrorists such as Osama Bin Laden and Ayman Al-Zawahiri have been known to be particularly obsessed with the media (Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, 2008). According to Hoffman (2006), terrorists’ obsession with the media predicated on the belief that fear is only generated when the media publicizes the terrorist attacks. Without the media coverage, the terrorist attack can only spread limited fear (Hoffman, 2006). Terrorists typically attempt to generate public resentment of government oppression and fear from the government and the public that the terrorist group is powerful. The media is an important vehicle for delivering this type of fear (Walsh, 2010). Media coverage of a terrorist attack can overplay the damages which could lead to government action that represses human rights and potentially result in public disapproval of government responses. Similarly, media coverage of terrorist attacks, often with graphic images and pro longed coverage can overplay the damages and thus invoke fear of a powerful and dangerous terrorist faction. According to Bockstette (2008), the Jihadist terrorist groups maintain a strategic communication system which is propagated via the media. The communication goals are three-fold. The first of the communication goals is to spread information about Islam to Muslims with a view to establishing and propagating a fixed idea about what it means to be a Muslim. The second communication goal is also directed toward Muslims and those who might question acts of violence on religious grounds.

An arguementative paper on home schooling vs. public school Essay

An arguementative paper on home schooling vs. public school - Essay Example Various forms of bullying that include but are not limited to physical abuse, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, hitting, punching, kicking, threatening, and seducing have become frequent in schools these days. This leads us to the question: Is home schooling better than public schooling? Owing to the widespread violence in schools, home schooling should be preferred over public school. Home schooling is much better option than public schooling because of a number of reasons. In the home, children are not exposed to racism of any sort. In the educational environment of public schools, children have to be in the company of racist fellows on daily basis. In the environment of a home, a child studies in the atmosphere created by his parents. He/she feels protected and is better able to concentrate upon the studies. Quite often, one or both parents are educated enough to teach the children themselves. In cases where the parents are not educated enough, tutors can be arranged very easily. A lot of educated people look forward to such opportunities because of unemployment. In addition to that, such platforms as internet have become a potential means of education in the present age. A lot of informative videos are available online and the child is just a click away from education.

Texas Parks and Wildlife Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Texas Parks and Wildlife - Research Paper Example Currently, the Texas parks and wildlife department has several responsibilities. These include managing and conserving states natural resources and providing the public with opportunities and access to fish and wildlife habitats. Background information and history The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) was created in 1983, following the merger between the State Parks Board and the Game and Fish commission. However, its formation can be traced back to 1879 when fish commissioner’s officer was first established as a state agency in 1879. In 1983, the department was authorized to oversee all the resources both fish and the wildlife in all counties of Texas. The authority was given after the Wildlife Conservation Act was approved by the Texas legislature. Several historic sites that were under the management of Texas Parks and Wildlife earlier were reassigned to the Texas historical commission on 1st January 2008. In 1879, the governor was authorized to appoint a fish comm issioner by the 16th legislature of Texas. The governor appointed the commissioner to a term of two years after being approved by the senate. This appointment was to ensure that the Act for fish preservation was carefully complied with. In addition, it was meant to ensure that fish ladders and fish ways were constructed. The Fish Commissioner’s office came to being in 1881. ... The commissioner was also given powers to appoint his deputy commissioners. In 1907, the responsibilities of Commissioner’s Office were expanded. It also covered protection of wild birds and wild game. Therefore, commissioner was renamed Game, Fish, and Oyster commissioner. Fish and Oyster Commissioner’s Office was made up of three members. In 1972, the number doubled to six members. By 1983, the commission was made up of nine members who were appointed by the governor and approved by the senate. The commission members are office bearers for overlapping six-year terms. The governor appoints the chairperson of the commission biennially. The meetings of the commission are normally quarterly. However, when required they meet on a regular basis. The major responsibility of the commission is to acquire the appropriate rules and policies that play a significant role in conducting the various parks and wildlife department programs. Location and management of the Texas parks an d wildlife department TPWD headquarters is located at 4200 Smith School Road in Austin, Texas. Both the regional and field offices are established in different parts throughout the state. Those who are not working with the headquarters in Austin are known to be seventy-six percent of the total department staff. The management and coordination of all the policies and programs that concerns personnel is done in the Austin headquarters, Human Resource Division. A commission that comprises of nine members governs TPWD. The governor appoints the commission. The major responsibility of the commission is to adopt appropriate rules and regulations. This will be used in various

Leadership Style Adaptability

Leadership Style Adaptability Overview of Leadership theories in Consideration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Situational leadership theory (SLT) is developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1968) and is based on the leaders task behaviour, relationships and the maturity or ability of the employees. Task behaviour is based on how the leaders define role, how and what to do .Relationships are based on how leaders maintain relations with followers by supporting them. Maturity shows the followers experience, willingness and ability to do the task. Based on this, 4 types of leadership styles s1, s2, s3, s4 are identified by Hersey and Blanchard (1996). SLT is useful in understanding the relationship between leadership style, level of maturity of follower and importance of leadership style adaptability. Several other researchers worked further to develop the model for application on various platforms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transformational theory is the latest theory which developed in the last two decades and is of high relevance and practice. The idea was first developed by Burns (1978) through Transformational leadership theory. Bass (1985) further developed the theory. The Transformational leaders put passion and energy into the work atmosphere. They develop a vision for their followers and the followers try to achieve the goal via the energy from the excitation. Leaders have to constantly convey or sell the vision to their followers. They will be always with the followers in charge of the task and have solution to most problems. Bass (1985) suggested that transformational leaders try to increase the task awareness, motivates followers to work for the team and organisation and makes the followers to aspire for needs. He proposed 5 factors or transformational leadership factors, Charismatic leadership, idealized influence, inspirational motivation, Intellectual stimulation an d individualized consideration. Based on these factors large number of researcher has studies the relevance of transformational leadership in various fields and have tried to develop the model further. Objective of the review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The review tries to relate the various studies that have happened in the current decade on situational leadership and transformational leadership. Various authors who have studied the relevance of situational leadership theory and Transformational leadership theories are considered and their findings are taken into account for the development of the theories. The review checks the adaptability of both the theories in various work environment which helps to find the areas which require further studies on the models. Situational Leadership Theory Situational Leadership Theory-Supporting Views   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several studies by various researchers were conducted on the application of the SLT in organisational contexts. (Arvidsson et al.2007) contend that leadership style adaptability vary according to group and individual situations and situations where success and hardship is present for the employees. The author further asserts that the leadership was relationship oriented and supportive in success and group situations and task oriented in hardship and group situations. This requires variability of leadership styles of the leader according to the situation, task and ability of the followers. Silverthorne Wang (2001) further supported this finding by asserting that leadership adaptability by managers requires better task behaviour and relationships and this increases productivity. They asserts that this require different leadership styles which vary according to situations. This requires managers to exhibit different leadership styles according to the task and ab ility of the followers. Arvidsson et al (2007) further contend and support this showing the importance of varying leadership style according to the ability of the followers. They should be able to guide on the task, and have successful and influencing relations with the followers. As far as my experience, this view holds in many sales environments where the influencing leadership styles give the focus and motivation to the followers. These leaders also understand the maturity or ability level of the followers and support them in various situations and thereby creating a strong rapport. My managers are seen to be exhibiting task behaviour more towards junior managers whom are new to the job. They guide them and tell them how to perform the task and thereby create a strong rapport with the followers. All this shows light to the ability of the leader to adapt to the situation according to the various needs and motives of the followers and situation which supports the SLT by Hersey and Blanchard (1996). Successful leaders thus vary their leadership styles and ability of the leaders to be adaptive to the environment leads to the success of organisation Silverthorne Wang (2001). (Silverthorne Wang (2001): Arvidsson et al.(2007)) state that leadership adaptability and exhibiting of different leadership styles depending on task, relations and ability of followers are important and thereby supports the SLT. My personal work experience as a leader supports this finding and thereby supports SLT.I have experienced the importance of task detailing, relationships and the ability of followers to execute the task as an important factor for success. Situational Leadership Theory -Against   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was also some finding s which goes against the SLT. Papworth et al (2009) questions the applicability of SLT of Hersey and Blanchard (1996).They contend that their findings and research gave little support to the SLT model. They argue that the level of supervisor behaviour was independent of the supervisee experience. Support to SLT was only found when the supervisee is highly experienced and skilled and the supervisor have to do less task behaviours which were supported by Silverthorne Wang (2001). Butler Rees (1991) was also against the SLT model. They argue that the leadership style adaptability had little relations with the performance of the employees in a highly competitive sales environment (Insurance). They asserts that there are more factors that may affect the performance and readiness of the salesperson like followers perception of managerial style ,the difficulty of task involved in the sale process and difference in follower readiness. Sil verthorne Wang (2001) argues and supports SLT by asserting that leadership styles should vary according to situations and depending on follower readiness. The finding of Butler Rees (1991) are quite relevant because from my own experience in the Insurance industry over 2 years, I do understand that the varying perception of managerial style and difficulty of the task in hand do have an impact on the performance. Even though the managers vary their style according to situations of task and ability, the factors proposed by Butler Rees (1991) do contribute to the performance of employees. I would like to add that leadership adaptability is only one among many factors that determine performance in competitive sales environment. The objectivity and the provenance of the finding of Papworth et al (2009) are really questionable based on the type of the research and the area of research they conducted. They used clinical sessions and tapes from a very low sample and made all the assessme nt about the situational leadership theory. The relationships and tasks In these sessions were compared to leadership and task of SLT. This causes wide criticism and questions the relevance of their finding on SLT. Moreover Papworth et al (2009) gives only some theoretical evidence instead of an actual research result. All this studies point to the fact that SLT may not be widely accepted in all fields of study and industries. This also points that SLT may be suited to certain industries and may not be fitted into some other .There are external and internal factors which are to be considered depending on the type of industry and environment, like task involved and external factors. Situational Leadership Theory-Alternate Views Johnson (1998) proposes an alternate or modified model of SLT. The author combines SLT model which uses directing and supporting styles of leadership. He also takes stage theory of group development by Tuckman Jensen (1977) and the stages of development of the followers by Blanchard (1985) along with the SLT. This model varies from SLT by considering each of the four leadership styles may be appropriate some of the time, the most broadly applicable style combines structure and empathy Johnson (1998).The author further asserts that the model can be applied to individuals and only to the groups which are performing at the same level. VanderVen (1998) further supported this modified situational leadership model. The model tries to overcome some of the short falls of SLT. But my management experience shows that managers do tend to show situational approach based on the varying levels of their follower performance. It is not likely that in real world you will get a team of followers (gr oups) who perform In the same level. Discussion of Situational Leadership   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The findings of Arvidsson et al. (2007) and Silverthorne Wang (2001) favouring the SLT was across different cultures (Swedish Taiwanese) .They also researched in different industries of Information technologies and air craft. Butler Rees, (1991) and Papworth et al (2009) found no support to the leadership style adaptability and SLT in their respective studies. All these findings makes and echo to the fact that situational leadership varies according to industries and cultures. This calls for further studies on the modification and application of the SLT across various environments. The efforts put forward by Johnson (1998) is commendable and more research work should be done on further rectifying the limitations of the SLT model .One of the key areas which require research is the heterogeneity of the levels of subordinates and the behaviour of leaders accordingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Transformational Leadership Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Transformational Leadership Theory-Favourable factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Purvanova et al. (2006) conducted further studies on the impact of Transformational Leadership Theory (TLT) on job perception of the employees. Transformational leaders irrespective of the type of different jobs they were involved in exerted a positive influence on the employees perception of jobs. Employees with transformational managers found their job as, meaningful, challenging and inspiring .The studies further supported Bass (1985) views that transformational leaders inspire followers to see their jobs as important and seeks them to perform beyond expectations which they does. Chan Chan (2005) asserts that leaders with high usage of transformational leadership factors have more positive influence of job perception and performance. He further contend and support that, all the transformational leadership factors in the Bass (1985) TLT has direct impact on the leader effectiveness, performance of employees , their perception of job and its satisfaction. Sc hyns Sanders (2006) contend that solidarity of follower with colleagues and leader is related highly to Transformational leadership style of the leader. Higher the transformational style perception of the employees , better solidarity to the leader and the team was found. Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009) contend that a positive TL behaviour of managers will cause increase the performance of the sales person, high satisfaction due to their supervisor and creates or increases commitment to the organisation. This was predicted in a behaviour based control sales environment rather than an outcome based sales environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The works by these authors are related and focuses on the impact of TL styles on the followers and their behaviour in work .These works support that a high TL style surely increases the behaviour, focus, job satisfaction, and performance and commitment levels of the followers. Purvanova et al. (2006) and Chan Chan (2005) argue that exhibition of TL causes higher positive job perception of the employees. . Chen Baron (2006) further supports this by highlighting the impact of one of the TL style which causes higher job perception to the followers. I personally have experienced transformational leadership styles (factors) from my manager during my work as a junior sales manager. This caused an increase in motivation and commitment towards the organisation and manager resulting in high performance and achievements. ( Purvanova et al. (2006); Panagopoulos, Dimitriadis (2009)).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All these findings (Purvanova et al. (2006); Chan Chan (2005);Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009)) shows that transformational leadership styles of leaders do have an impact on the employees perceptions of their own jobs. TL style increases the responsiveness, satisfaction, performance, inspiration, meaning and a vision for the followers jobs. TL motivates followers to perform beyond expectation of the employer and thereby creating more successful persons and organisations. Further TL creates a commitment and focus in the followers for the job and leader. TL generates a feel for team work and solidarity to colleagues among the followers. Thus TL as a whole helps in creating a focussed and motivated atmosphere were people work enthusiastically. My view is that, the application of TL in an organisation will lead to a motivated and successful organisation subjected to other factors. These calls for the ability of managers and leaders to adapt learn and implement TL style for a better and successful work environment. Transformational Leadership Theory Limited favourability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the majority of studies showed support to the TLT model, there were some findings that offered limited support to the model and questioned the universality of the TLT model. Mannheim Halamish (2008) tested the TL model in the context of army training camps. They conclude that the only in the beginners learning culture the TL style is related to group result. The authors found little support for the leadership styles, group outcome and cohesion in other higher levels. This lead to the moderation of TLT in various contexts and also this may be due to many other factors which require further research. Barnett et al. (2001) supported this view by suggesting that the TL behaviour have a negative association with student learning culture. Kelloway et al. (2000) argued that leadership training and feedback together will have little effect on the TL style perception, where in the mean time both individually can have an impact on the TL perception. Chen Baron (2006) ech o a similar but slightly variant view. They argue that the leaders do tend to show high transformational leadership skills. But only the idealised influence style of TL increases the job satisfaction of the followers and if the leader don show this aspect of TL style, the level of satisfaction may be low. These findings do questions the variability of TL styles and the impact of each style over different situations, work environment and cultures. The findings of Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001) questions the usage of TL style in the learning and training culture. Both of them conducted their studies in an environment where training has an important role to play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  The arguments of Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001) clearly indicates that the TLT applicability in the learning and training culture is questionable as they found little evidence in favour of that in higher experienced levels. My personal experience supports this finding as experienced followers find it difficult to adapt to TL model due to their exposure to other styles of leaderships, whereas beginner can be trained and moulded to the desired form initially as they are fresh in mind. Chen Baron (2006) asserts that only one type of TL style have an impact over job satisfaction of followers. All these views calls for further research for the application of TLT in these areas and the factors which causes this effect on TL should be found and due consideration must be given for this. Transformational Leadership Theory -Alternative views   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mitchell Boyle (2009) developed a model based on TL for mitigating against destructive emotional barriers to group effectiveness Mitchell Boyle (2009 ).Their model was based on TL impact on knowledge creation in diverse groups and how TL will help in doing this. The model tries to explain the variation of diverse team performances through the impact TL has on knowledge creation. Dunn (2007) developed a modified leadership model which was different from the TL model. They found a difference in leadership style changes according to the gender of the leaders. Author argues that this moderated model will be advantageous to the organisation. Both Mitchell Boyle (2009) and Dunn (2007) tried to develop a model in order to adapt TL to the varying environments and to develop the model to a new level. Discussion of Transformational Leadership   Ã‚  Ã‚  To conclude, Most of the researchers do found favourable factors for TL even though there are limited support findings for the TL. Purvanova et al. (2006), Chan Chan (2005), Schyns Sanders (2006) and Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009) underline the fact that TL increases job perception, satisfaction and performance among employees. Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001) contend that TL have impact on learning culture in beginners level only and TL dont have much impact in higher experience employee learning culture. Chen Baron (2006) highlights the impact of one TL style higher than other styles. Mitchell Boyle (2009) developed TLT further for applicability for diverse team performance. TL has found to have a high impact on the job perception of employee and their applicability in the learning and training culture requires further research. Also the impact of TL on cultures and team diversity requires further research. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Arvidsson et al. (2007) and Silverthorne Wang (2001) studied and supported the SLT. Their studies in these fields are commentable and is of high relevance. They together assert the need for adaptability of leadership and variation of leadership style. I would also like to view up on Butler Rees (1991) who drew on the leadership adaptability of competitive environment. There are many factors apart from leadership adaptability and styles which need consideration in such an environment. Johnson (1998) tried to study in the aspect of groups and the idea of SLT requires further research and studies on factors from external environment which effect the followers and environment. Purvanova et al. (2006), Chan Chan (2005) and Panagopoulos Dimitriadis (2009) finding on TL supported and is of high significance in the industry. They show the effect of TL on job perceptions of followers. It also shows the significance of TL style in organizations. Their finding shows the relevanc e of TL in the business world. Mannheim Halamish (2008) and Barnett et al. (2001 question the adaptability of TL in training culture of highly experienced employees leading to limitations in applicability of TLT in all work environments. Mitchell Boyle (2009) modified the TL model and tried to study and implement the impact of TL on knowledge creation and thereby impacting the diversity in team performance. Further research is recommended on TLT for application on learning cultures and its variance over cultures. All the above studies are of high relevance to the leadership studies and helps in the development of situational and transformational leadership theories. In general situational and transformational leadership styles have high impact on the employees and work environment and requires further studies for application in various work environments. References: Arvidsson, M., Johansson, C .R., Ek,A. and Akselsson,R. (2007) SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL, Journal of Air Transportation, Vol. 12, No. 1. Barnett,K., McCormick,J., and Conners,R.(2001) Transformational leadership in schools Panacea, placebo or problem?, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2001, pp. 24-46. Butler, J. K. and Reese, R.M. (1991) Leadership Style and sales performance: A test of Situational leadership model, Journal of persona l selling and sales management, Volume XI, Number 3, Chan, A.T. S. and Chan, E. H. W. (2005) Impact of Perceived Leadership Styles on Work Outcomes: Case of Building Professionals, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 131, No. 4, pp 413-422 Chen, H. And Baron, M. (2006) Nursing Directors Leadership Styles and Faculty Members Job Satisfaction in Taiwan, Journal of Nursing Education, Vol. 45, No. 10, 404-411 Dunn, M. (2007) British army leadership: is it gendered?, Women in Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp. 468-481. Johnson, M.M (1998) Applying a Modified Situational Leadership Model to Residential Group Care Settings, Child Youth Care Forum, 27(6). Kelloway, E.K., Barling, J. and Helleur, J.(2000) Enhancing Transformational leadership: the roles of training and feedback. Leadership and organisational Development Journal, 21/3, pp 145-149. Mannheim,B. and Halamish,H. (2008) Transformational leadership as related to team outcomes and contextual moderation , Leadership Organization Development Journal ,Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 617-630 Mitchell, R. J. and Boyle,B (2009) A theoretical model of transformational leaderships role in diverse teams, Leadership Organization Development Journal ,Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 455-474 Papworth, M.A., Milne, D. and Boak, G. (2009) An exploratory content analysis of situational leadership . Journal of Management Development, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 593-606 Purvanova, R.K., Bono, J, E., and Dzieweczynski.J (2006) Transformational Leadership, Job Characteristics, and Organizational Citizenship Performance, Human Performance, 19(1), 1-22. Sanders, K and Schyns,B (2006) Leadership and solidarity behaviour Consensus in perception of employees within teams, Personnel Review, Vol. 35 ,No. 5, pp. 538-556 Silverthorne, C. and Wang, T. (2001) Situational Leadership Style as a Predictor of Success and Productivity among Taiwanese Business Organizations, The Journal of Psychology, pp 399-412 VanderVen,K . (1998) Modelling and Modified Situational Leadership: Some Comments on Johnson, Child Youth Care Forum, 27(6) London Metropolitan University, MBAPage 5

Girls: Growing up in the Global Education System :: Essays Papers

Girls: Growing up in the Global Education System Introduction When one thinks of the term â€Å"school education†, one sees it as the golden key to a brighter future, improving employment prospects and earnings but fundamentally we think of a system that serves to stimulate individual talents to the full, regardless of race, gender or social status. The naivete of this thought is huge however, as the majority of people are unaware of the victimization of girls that exists in the schooling system. Reports around the world show examinations of how girls face multiple social and economic barriers to both enrolling in and staying in school. However, in most settings, disparities between initial enrollment rates for girls and boys are much greater than differences in drop out rates, suggesting that the major challenge remains to get girls in school. In this report, I will focus my attention into three areas: the barriers that girls face in enrolling in the schooling system; the inequalities that they receive in school (ultimat ely an inferior education to boys due to gender bias and other issues); as well as the paths taken by administrators towards improving the state of a girl’s education. Due to the wide range of sources that I used, I will attempt to parallel the elements of a girl's education from various corners of the globe with that of girls living on the border. Barriers Girls face in enrolling in school Factors that affect the percentage of girls who enroll in school are various; poverty, tradition and culture are the primary barriers which girls experience in school enrolment. A family’s income is a great determinant of the probability that girls will attend school. If a family’s income is low, the son is often chosen to attend school rather than the daughter, as he is more likely to contribute financially to the family income and support their parents, as they grow old. Girls in such an environment are needed to help with household chores and childcare for younger siblings. Since schooling involves substantial costs for fees, books, uniforms and transportation, when available school places or family resources are limited, parents often give higher priority to educating sons. This situation oftentimes accurately depicts the situation facing girls living on the border, as their families can be classed in such a poor social status.

Lincoln-Douglas

The significance of the Lincoln-Douglas debates for the political history of America is hard to overestimate. Therefore, careful analysis of these debates can be extremely educational and enlightening. This paper will focus on three main aspects of the analysis, namely the causes of the debates, the content of the debates, and the results of the debates. The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a series of seven debates during the Illinois senatorial race of 1858 between Republican Abraham Lincoln and the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. The candidates were sharply divided on the issue of slavery. Before Lincoln announced a formal challenge, the candidates spoke in turn in the cities of Chicago and Springfield. Thus, Lincoln suggested speaking to the same audiences at one time by writing the following to Douglas: ‘Will it be agreeable to you†¦to make an arrangement for you and myself to divide time, and address the same audiences during the present canvass?’ (Encarta, 2007, para. 3). Scrutinizing the social and political circumstances at the time of the election campaign, it is necessary to note the Kansas-Nebraska Act, sponsored by Douglas, allowing slavery in the U.S. territories north of latitude 36 °30†² if there citizens agreed to it, and the U.S. Supreme Court Dred Scott decision of 1857, allowing masters to bring slaves into free territory without any alterations in the legal status of a slave. Therefore, the Supreme Court Dred Scott decision entered into a contradiction with the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Encarta, 2007). As for the content of the debate, Lincoln’s main focus was the human rights issue implicitly present in the debate on slavery. He told the audience that slavery violated the Declaration of Independence and was firmly determined to portray the practice of slavery as evil and immoral. For his part, Douglas paid considerable attention to legal technicalities, such as the principle of ‘popular sovereignty’ under which inhabitants were able to decide whether they would accept slavery in their territory (Encarta, 2007). However, this principle ‘with its self-proclaimed neutrality toward whether slavery was voted up or voted down, was a sheer absurdity on its face, according to Lincoln’ (Jaffa, 1999, p. 31). Lincoln employed all his rhetorical skills to prove the moral and ethical unacceptability of slavery. He also perceived the sharp division over the issue of slavery as a threat to national unity. When accepting his nomination, he said the following phrase: ‘A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this Government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free’ (University of Houston, 2008, para. 4). He also argued that the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision were a part of conspiracy aimed at legalizing slavery in the entire territory of the United States. Douglas, in turn, focused on the right to self-government, which he saw as being of preeminent importance. However, as the debates progressed, Douglas started to clash Lincoln’s position directly and accused him of favoring black Americans over whites. He ended up picturing his opponent as a radical politician inciting tension and possible civil war. Lincoln denied this and voiced his support for the Fugitive Slave Law and the existence of slavery in the territories where such practice had been already established. The issue of slavery was debated in the light of the prospect of granting citizenship to black Americans. Douglas was fiercely opposed to such a notion, while Lincoln took the middle ground by recognizing black citizens’ right to life, liberty, and economic freedom while being wary about the acceptability of ‘bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races’ (University of Houston, 2008, para. 10). The two candidates also had opposing views on the institutional nature of slavery. Douglas was convinced that slavery could not exist without the support of friendly local legislation and was essentially a dying practice. Thus, his suggestion was to treat it as a local problem to be decided by inhabitants of a certain territory. Local residents, in his view, could de facto outlaw this practice by refusing to pass legislation protecting property right of slave owners: ‘Slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere†¦unless it is supported by local police regulations’ (University of Houston, 2008, para. 12). On the contrary, Lincoln believed that slavery, with its status undecided, had a potential of spreading quickly on the nationwide scale. As concerns the results of the race, Lincoln lost it, yet, in his own words, it was ‘a slip and not a fall’ (University of Houston, 2008, para. 15). Lincoln’s popularity was boosted greatly by the series of debates, which, in turn, contributed to his victory in the Presidential race of 1860. However, the debates had far-reaching implications by attracting public attention to the issues of slavery and human rights as well as establishing the tradition of formal debates between candidates for a governmental post. References Jaffa, Harry V. (1999). Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Revised Ed. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (2007). ‘Lincoln-Douglas Debates.’ Retrieved January 20, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500415/Lincoln_Douglas_Debates.html University of Houston. (2008). ‘The Lincoln-Douglas Debates.’ Retrieved January 20, 2008, from http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=336  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Free Essays on Aristotles Polity

Aristotle, like Plato, was very interested in the different types of government. He devotes Books 4 through 8 of Politics to the different kinds of government, which ones are best, and what the â€Å"ideal city† is. He criticizes many forms of government, such as kingship, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. He doesn’t really agree with Plato’s ideas on government, but they both do agree on the fact that they don’t like democracy. This is surprising to me as an American because we hold democracy in such high esteem. As I continued to read, I realize that Aristotle’s definition of democracy is different from what I would consider modern democracy to be. Aristotle uses democracy to mean rule by the people, which are mostly the poor, in their own interest. He faults this because they do not have the skills to rule a country so the country is weak and disorganized because too many people are trying to run it and they are not qualified. It is pretty clear to me that modern American democracy is different from this. I perceive modern democracy to be that the masses have a chance to elect officials to office, who they think are capable, and then those chosen officials fulfill the duties of running the country. The general masses do not have much to do with the day to day running of the country. They pick the person or persons to do it, and then those people take care of things. I had to read the sections about government a couple times until I understood it. What I understand is that Aristotle focuses on three forms of government: oligarchy, democracy, and polity. When I saw the word polity over and over again, I really didn’t understand it. I had never seen that word before, but he used it many times, and it was a focus. I began to realize that polity was to Aristotle a word he used for an additional form of government. Once I understood this, I thought it was really a great idea. It seems that oli... Free Essays on Aristotle's Polity Free Essays on Aristotle's Polity Aristotle, like Plato, was very interested in the different types of government. He devotes Books 4 through 8 of Politics to the different kinds of government, which ones are best, and what the â€Å"ideal city† is. He criticizes many forms of government, such as kingship, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. He doesn’t really agree with Plato’s ideas on government, but they both do agree on the fact that they don’t like democracy. This is surprising to me as an American because we hold democracy in such high esteem. As I continued to read, I realize that Aristotle’s definition of democracy is different from what I would consider modern democracy to be. Aristotle uses democracy to mean rule by the people, which are mostly the poor, in their own interest. He faults this because they do not have the skills to rule a country so the country is weak and disorganized because too many people are trying to run it and they are not qualified. It is pretty clear to me that modern American democracy is different from this. I perceive modern democracy to be that the masses have a chance to elect officials to office, who they think are capable, and then those chosen officials fulfill the duties of running the country. The general masses do not have much to do with the day to day running of the country. They pick the person or persons to do it, and then those people take care of things. I had to read the sections about government a couple times until I understood it. What I understand is that Aristotle focuses on three forms of government: oligarchy, democracy, and polity. When I saw the word polity over and over again, I really didn’t understand it. I had never seen that word before, but he used it many times, and it was a focus. I began to realize that polity was to Aristotle a word he used for an additional form of government. Once I understood this, I thought it was really a great idea. It seems that oli...

Cause Effect Analysis Essays

Cause Effect Analysis Essays Cause Effect Analysis Essay Cause Effect Analysis Essay As an operator who works in oil and gas industry, I will present a life incident in one of the oil and gas location called Piper Alpha disaster UK. Piper Alpha was a North Sea oil production platform operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. The disaster began with a routine maintenance procedure. On the morning of the 6th of July, a certain backup propane condensate pump in the processing area needed to have its pressure safety valve checked. The work could not be completed by 18. 00 and the workers asked for and received permission to leave the rest of the work until the next day. The tube was sealed with a plate. Later in the evening during the next work shift, the primary condensate pump failed. None of those present were aware that a vital part of the machine had been removed and decided to start the backup pump. Gas products escaped from the hole left by the valve and lead to an explosion and resulting fire that destroyed the platform on July 6, 1988, killing 167 men, with only 59 survivors. The death toll includes 2 crewmen of a rescue vessel. Total insured loss was about ? 1. 7 billion (US$ 3. 4 billion). The generation and utilities module, which included the fireproofed accommodation block, slipped into the sea. The largest part of the platform followed it; the whole accident took place in 22 minutes. That was the end of Piper Alpha. What went wrong? The fishbone diagram identifies some possible cause and effect. METHOD/PROCEDURE ENVIRONMENT MATERIAL MANPOWER MACHINE Poor leadership Poor maintenance PTW risk assessment use incorrect Absence of blast wall Inadequate maintenance/safety procedure Poor practice /audit complacency Lack of communication between crew shift Lack of training Deluge fire system turnoff Primary condensate pump failed No quality checking on production line Poor production planning Poor isolation of maintenance Heat, smoke and fire Hazardous area Carbon monoxide/fumes Piper Alpha disaster UK Using the cause and effect analysis tool, as defining the problem first, brainstorming as the second step and Identify cause, I and my teams outline some of the major challenges for oil and gas facilities, which fall into two categories. The first is overcoming the physical environment. The second is doing this in a manner that meets regulatory requirements and increasing societal expectations related to environmental performance and social benefits. This report was instrumental in bringing about the regulatory control of Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations. A safety case is a written document in which a company must demonstrate that an effective safety management system (SMS) is in place on a particular offshore installation. With respect to the first of these challenges, significant progress has been made through the development of ISO Draft International Standard, addressing design, construction, transportation, installation, and removal of offshore structures, related to the activities of the petroleum and natural gas industries. Focus areas for advancement and extension of Oil and Gas development include: ? Adherence to Permit-to-Work SystemThis was a system of paperwork designed to promote communication between all parties affected by any maintenance procedure done on the platform. The system on Piper Alpha had become too relaxed. Employees relied on too many informal communications and communication between shift changes was lacking. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disabling of protective equipment by explosion The firewalls on Piper Alpha could have stopped the spread of a fire. They were, however, not built to withstand an explosion. The initial blast blew the firewalls down, and the subsequent fire spread unimpeded.? Need for safety trainingThe workers on the platform were not adequately trained in emergency procedures, and management was not trained to make up the gap and provide good leadership during a crisis situation.? Auditing is vitalOccidental Petroleum had regular safety audits of its facilities but they were not performed well. Few, if any, problems were ever brought up, even though there were serious issues with corrosion of deluge system pipes and heads and many other issues. When a major problem was found, it was sometimes just ignored.? Proper isolation of plant for maintenanceThe disaster would not have occurred if the pump where work was being done had been positively isolated. Isolation is not achieved by shutting a valve but requires means such as insertion of a slip plate or removal of a pipe section.? Emergency Shutdown ValvesProper location of emergency shutdown valves and backup valves are essential to cutting off fuel supply in case of a fire; above water positioning provides testing accessibility for vigilant maintenance.? Fire and explosion protectionProtection against and mitigation of fire and explosion as well as fire fighting are of particular importance as there is no possibility to rely on outside assistance, such as the fire brigade.? Temporary Safe Refuge (TSR)TSR on each installation should have a breathable atmosphere through prevention of smoke ingress and provision of fire protection; escape routes and embarkation points should be determined through safety cases. Prevention of smoke ingress into TSR is available through smoke and gas detectors that initiate smoke dampers and prevent circulation of smoke throughout the TSR.? Evacuation and EscapeMore than one route to helicopters and lifeboats must be present at any given time to ensure evacuation of the platform in a crisis situation. To facilitate escape from a hazardous situation, luminescent strips and heat shielding provide visibility in smoke and protection from flames, respectively. Secondary escapes such as ropes, ladders, and nets are also available as backup for the more sophisticated escape methods. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use of wind tunnel tests and explosion simulations in designWind tunnels are useful to assess the effectiveness of the ventilation and the gas detection system. The explosion simulations help investigate the effect of different layouts on explosion overpressures and assess the effectiveness of blast walls. If all oil and gas industry embrace this new regulatory, which should address the risk of series of explosion event scenarios. This produces an approach more commensurate with that of quantitative risk analysis and away from the â€Å"worst case† scenario. It also puts explosion risks into context. Beside give training and seminars to new and old employees alike. Have people check employees’ performances in a given period. Have a computer-based information system to maintain the organization and staff awareness. It will not only give you back-up files but make the system work faster. Make sure it is maintained and updated at all times.

Experimental Designs II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Experimental Designs II - Assignment Example For example, in a 2x2 factorial ANOVA with levels A1 and A2 of Factor Aand levels B1 and B2. An ANOVA test would test the significant differences between the marginal means, which are called simple Main Effects of each factor. This is because they illustrate the overall difference between the levels of each factor, independently of the levels of the other. The ANOVA also tests for the significance differences between the Cell Means; in other words, the four means relevant to the AxBinteraction effect (Jackson, 2012). According to Jackson, the test also determines if the effects of the independent variable (IV) are independent of each other, or whether the effects of one IV depend on the level of the factor. Key effects are differences in means over levels of one factor that is collapsed over levels of the other factor (s) (Jackson, 2012). No.6 The difference between a complete factorial design and an incomplete factorial design is laid out in how experimental conditions are dealt wit h. A Complete Factorial Design (CFD) consists of all factors and levels of each factor, it is also capable of estimating all factors, and their interactions (Jackson, 2012). An incomplete factorial design is arrived at when experimental conditions are removed from a complete factorial design. ... No.8 The difference between a two way ANOVA and a three-way ANOVA is that a two-way ANOVA test is used when there are more than one IV requiring multiple observations for each IV. The two-way test determines the main effect contributions of each IV and indicates if there is a significant interaction effect amongst the IVs. The three way ANOVA is used to determine the effect of three nominal predictor variables that are based on a continuous outcome variable. The three-way test evaluates the effect of the IV on the expected outcome together with their relationship in the outcome (Jackson, 2012). Random factors are considered to have no statistical impact on a given data set, unlike systematic factors that are considered to hold statistical significance. No. 10 Source df SS MS F A 1 60 60 1.420 B 2 40 20 24.170 AxB 2 90 81 0.125 Error 30 200 100 1.884 Total 35 390 261 27.599 a). Factorial notation –1x2 = 2 b). There are 2 conditions in this particular study. c). Number of subjec ts in the study – 3 d). Main effect for B, no significant interaction Source df SS MS F A 2 40 20 0.85 B 3 60 18 9 AxB 6 150 130 0.867 Error 72 150 75 Total 83 400 243 15.717 a). Factorial notation – 2 x 3. b). There are 6 conditions. c). Subjects in study - 2 d). No main effects. There is a significant interaction. Source df SS MS F A 1 60 60 132 B 2 40 20 98 AxB 2 90 45 135 Error 30 200 6.67 Total 35 390 131.67 245 a). Factorial notation – 1 x 2 b). There are 3 conditions. c). Subjects in study - 2 d). Main effect for B. No significant interaction. Source df SS MS F A 1 10 10 0.10 B 1 60 60 30 Error 36 80 40 Total 39 150 110 30.10 a). Factorial notation – 1 x 1 b). 1 condition c). Subjects in study - 1 d). Main effect for A and B. Significant

Reaction to a video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reaction to a video - Essay Example Little did I know that in the history of America, a Black adolescent could be shot dead for having whistled to a white woman. Before watching this video, this whole racism thing seemed like a melodrama to me but after having seen this video, things have started to make more sense to me and I can now understand why people take racism so seriously. I had not learned about this before probably because I never understood the importance and gravity of the real issue. Basically there is a whole history, and a very tragic and dark history of America when it comes to the people of color in general and the Black people in particular. It would be totally wrong to suggest that circumstances and conditions for the Black Americans today are the same as they were in the 1950s. However, this does not mean that the radical change in the status and acceptability of the Black Americans in America since 1950s has made the study of such videos irrelevant. I think that this topic should definitely be tau ght in the high schools in America even if racial discrimination is not as apparent in the American society today as it was before so that our children and young generation can really understand the seriousness of the issue like I did after watching this video. ... It breaks my heart to see Emmett Till’s mother narrate the tragic account of his only son’s murder at this age. Especially when she says, â€Å"†¦I saw that his tongue was chopped out. I noticed that the right eye was lying on midway his cheek†¦.† (Mobley). At the same time, I feel proud of that brave and courageous lady for having the guts to show his body as such to the world â€Å"I think everybody needed to know what had happened to Emmett Till† (Mobley). The picture of Emmett Till’s mutilated dead body oozes a very strong message that can shake the foundations of the law-making and law-enforcing agencies and organizations of our country. Unfortunate and tragic events like this should not be forgotten and should always be shown to the young generation to instill hatred for racism in their hearts and to motivate them to behave in a civilized manner in the society. This sad event also has some lessons for the young generation; lesson of bravery can be learned from Willie Reed who stood up against the whole crowd of White men and testified how Emmett Till had been killed. Even though Many Till could not get the justice she was looking for, yet the murder of her only son and the trial and then acquittal of the murderers created such a spur both in the national and in the international sphere, that exposed the racist face of America as well as the lack of justice in American institutions and also became the basis of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, ultimately leading to equality of rights between the Black and White Americans. Racism has lost strength in the roots of the society which it had back in the 1950s, but it has not altogether vanished. Even today, several accounts of racism are witnessed in