The Last Supper Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Last Supper Essay Thesis This exposition is a masterful investigation of Leonardo father Vines The Last Supper. Included are utilization of mediums and point of view just as different elements. A short abstract of the composition is likewise included. By Sizzle Leonardo father Vines The Last Supper The Last Supper is a one of a kind composition. One reason it is so unique is that the canvas it is painted on is a lot more extensive than it is tall. By taking a gander at the canvas you can see that father Vinci is painting a social occasion of individuals with the one in the capable accepting the greater part of the consideration. We will compose a custom article on The Last Supper Thesis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The work of art is doubtlessly done on a canvas with straightforward oil paints. One element a watcher may see is Leonardo utilization of square shapes. Regardless of whether this is deliberate or fills any need is hazy, yet other than the people in the scene everything is a rectangular shape. The work is composed with the entirety of the focal point of the watcher falling on the dinner, or significantly more explicitly on the man in the center. father Vinci attracts us to this man since he as put three windows as a wellspring of light out of sight. The windows are straightforwardly behind him, causing us to notice the differentiation between the two. The watcher may likewise see that the entirety of the characters around the point of convergence lean somewhat toward some path, while the character we are planned to concentrate on stays erect. The craftsman is passing on the message that something has stunned the men around this, one. One can accept that it might be astounding news or something to that degree. Be that as it may, since this is a notable painting there are relatively few that dont comprehend what it is in reality about. The composition of The Last Supper is Leonardo father Vines depiction of Jesus last dinner with his followers. That night Jesus would tell the pupils that later one of them would sell out him. Jesus trustworthiness and imposition stunned the devotees, and thusly they all started to address themselves. In father Vines perfect work of art one can see that maybe Jesus has Just conveyed this message and that the supporters are shocked by his allegation. As I would see it this work of art satisfies its expectations. The imaginativeness is unadulterated virtuoso. Leonardo father Vinci makes the watcher see precisely what he needs them to see. The attention is all on Jesus, however in the event that you set aside the effort to take a gander at every devotee you can nearly feel what they are feeling. The group at the table shows up a lot of like a lounge talk rippling about a secondary school cafeteria. The manner in which Jesus lays his hands on the table is representative. His palms turned upwards toward the sky with his arms completely broadened, yet second impeccably.

Case Study Investigation Essay

Dynamic This logical research examines about these days logical advances. Two logical advances which are RTerg and ultra-low-power computerized memory have contrasts and similitudes that were broke down from 6 diverse web assets. RTerg contribute more in human advancement contrasted with the ultra-low-power computerized memory since it can diminish loss of life brought about by tidal wave. This exploration affirmed the postulation explanation albeit some may have various sentiments as indicated by their diverse purpose of perspectives, yet it is suggested that RTerg ought to be appropriately positioned and individuals that work RTerg ought to be appropriately prepared. 1.0 Introduction Nowadays innovation continues improving and getting progressively supportive to individuals. Presently, innovation can even forestall/lessen pointless passing and can build an article capacity to its most extreme limit. This examination object was to thoroughly analyze 2 diverse logical advances. Theâ first logical development is called RTerg. RTerg is another framework which can caution of torrents in no time. The second logical development is called ultra-low-power computerized memory. This ultra-low-power advanced memory is another innovation that would significantly expand battery life for cell phones. This exploration was required to show that RTerg contribute more in human advancement contrasted with the ultra-low-power computerized memory. 2.0 Methodology This logical contextual analysis examination depended on 6 diverse web sources. The initial 3 sources were about the wave and the framework, and the other 3 were about the new innovation which can broaden battery life. These sources were utilized to help the reality of this logical examination. The sources were utilized to thoroughly analyze the information and to discover the distinctions and the likenesses of the content examined. The information was utilized to introduce the table. 3.0 Findings Theme 1 Viewpoints to be inspected Theme 2 RTerg Logical development? Ultra-low-power computerized memory Torrent Issue? Battery life Earth science Some portion of science? Science, Physics Andrew Newman, March 4, 2011 Found by? When? Eric Pop, March 10, 2011 Estimation of greatness Past system? Exhibit of memory bits Lessen losses of life Commitment to human advancement? Improves whatever utilizes battery Similitudes: Cause great effects Productive New innovation Add to human advancement There are contrasts and likenesses between both logical advances. Both have distinctive issue and authentic point of view. The principal logical development (RTerg) examine about decreasing loss of life brought about by tidal wave and before it was concocted, they utilized a system by estimating the extent. The subsequent subject examined about the battery life which channel quick. Also, previously, the technique utilized was by making varieties of memory units which work together. The primary theme is a piece of earth science since wave is a catastrophic event and was found by Andrew Newman, March 4, 2011. The subsequent theme is a piece of compound and physical science since they have to check the vitality use and the material they should use to deliver proficient battery, and was found by Eric Pop, March 10, 2011. The likenesses contribute in getting great effect and proficient human life, likewise both are as yet considered as new innovations. 4.0 Discussion The new framework which can caution of tidal waves in practically no time (RTerg) is extremely helpful in light of the fact that torrents may happen whenever and individuals ordinarily are ignorant of the signs, which may cause enormous measure of death. The most damaging and deadliest tidal wave occurred in 2004. The wave executed very nearly 250,000 individuals in Sumatra, Indonesia (Phillips 2011) in light of the fact that the residents/networks didn’t get enough data of what will occur and some didn’t get the best possible information about the signs before tidal wave that made them uninformed and became survivor of this ruinous and destructive fiasco. With this new framework, passing rate brought about by tidal wave can be diminished or even forestalled. This new framework illuminate the populace close to the area to clear to more secure spot just minutes after the underlying tremor since individuals as a rule didn’t understand the indications of wave since the seismic tremor felt like a request ofâ magnitude littler than it expected to be (New framework can caution of tidal waves inside minutes 2011). This new ultra-low-power advanced memory is additionally valuable to human advancement since individuals can convey longer and spare their time sitting tight for their cell phones to completely charge. Devices nowadays for the most part come up short on battery following scarcely any long periods of full use and wouldn’t keep going for a day. This new innovation is likewise essential to different gadgets that utilization battery, for instance, satellites, military gear, and so forth. (New innovation would significantly broaden battery life for cell phones 2011). Aside from dependable battery life, this new battery is little in size. This battery utilize ultra-low-power memory to limit the vitality utilized for versatile action. The battery likewise use nanotubes which is known for its remarkable solidness, since they are not defenseless against corruption which can cause plague metal wires. (New innovation would drastically broaden battery life for cell phones 2011) RTerg is relied upon to contribute more in human advancement in light of the fact that RTerg caution people groups/residents close to affect zone before the tidal wave occurs and they can be progressively arranged to what will occur straightaway. Lives will be spared, those lives might be one of the people groups who will be effective later on and they may create further developed innovation. The exploration was viable since the sources utilized for this examination was anything but difficult to acquire. 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations To finish up, RTerg contributes more to human advancement contrasted with the new innovation which can broaden battery life on the grounds that the admonition by the RTerg can spare a large number of life. It is suggested that: 1. RTerg ought to be introduced in places where tidal waves happen frequently 2. Individuals who works RTerg ought to be appropriately prepared so RTerg can work with its greatest capacity 3. Individuals should find out about this report so they may find out about this data References New innovation would drastically broaden battery life for cell phones (2011), (e) Science News [online]. Accessible from: http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/03/10/new.technology.would.dramatically.extend.battery.life.mobile.devices [Accessed 10 March 2014] Two Technologies Could Significantly Increase Your Next Smartphone’s Battery Life (2011), Brighthand [online]. Accessible from: http://www.brighthand.com/default.asp?newsID=18391&news=Battery+technology+Qualcomm+Mirasol+displays+Improving [Accessed 10 March 2014] Nanostructures Boost Battery Life Fivefold (2013), MIT Technology Review [online]. Accessible from: http://www.technologyreview.com/news/509501/nanostructures-help battery-life-fivefold/[Accessed 10 March 2014] New framework can caution of tidal waves in no time (2011), (e) Science News [online]. Accessible from: http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/03/04/new.system.can.warn.tsunamis.within.minutes [Accessed 10 March 2014] Phillips, C. (2011), The 10 most dangerous torrents ever, Australian Geographic [online]. Accessible from: http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/themes/science-condition/2011/03/the-10-most-dangerous torrents ever/[Accessed 10 March 2014]

Relationship Between Civil Rights Movement Feminist Agenda Free Essays

In this Essay I will look at connection between Civil Rights Movement and how the women's activist plan of second wave women's liberation. Moreover, I will clarify how ladies formed the Civil Rights Movement, and furthermore how they re-imagined their own woman's rights as a result of the manners by which they communicated with the development. In 1952, the different yet equivalent laws were by and by tested on account of Brown versus We will compose a custom exposition test on Connection Between Civil Rights Movement Feminist Agenda or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The case depended on the isolation of instructive offices. The NAACP changed their concentration from incorporating higher instructive offices to coordinated evaluation schools. After the change, the NAACP stepped in on this case and contended that isolated instructive offices were inconsistent, debasing to dark understudies, and abused the fourteenth amendment’s ensure for equivalent insurance. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court decided that isolated schools were characteristically inconsistent and violated the fourteenth amendment. The choice of Plessy versus Ferguson had at last been toppled and government funded schools were to be coordinated. Earthy colored versus the Board of Education was a triumph for the blacks, anyway southern whites responded to the court’s choice with outrageous bigotry. There were two significant purposes behind the social liberties development one was Impact of WWII and Brown versus Leading group of Education. Females assumed incredible job in Civil rights development. One demonstration included Anne Moody the creator of Coming of Age in Mississippi. During this demonstration, whites at the lunch counter assaulted Anne Moody and other lobbyist, however they didn’t surrender until they were accompanied out by the police. This is the thing that occurred on the night of December l, 1955: Parks took the transport since she was feeling especially drained in the wake of a monotonous day at work. She was sitting in the center segment, happy to be off her feet finally, when a white man boarded the transport and requested that her column be cleared in light of the fact that the white segment was full. The others in the line submissively moved to the rear of the transport, however Parks just didn’t want to represent the remainder of the excursion, and she discreetly would not move. At this, the white transport driver took steps to call the police except if Parks surrendered her seat, yet she would not surrender her seat and transport driver called the police and they captured her. So this good, moderately aged lady was taken to the police headquarters, where she was fingerprinted and imprisoned. She was permitted to make one call. She called a NAACP legal counselor, who masterminded her to be discharged on bail. Expression of Parks’s capture spread rapidly, and the Women’s Political Council chose to fight her treatment by arranging a blacklist of the transports. Ladies planned transport blacklist. Jo Ann Robinson who was College Professor who conversed with her companion who was lawyer to support Mrs. Parks and furthermore he assisted with spreading the updates on transport blacklist. The blacklist was set for December 5, the day of Parks’s preliminary, yet Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other unmistakable individuals from Montgomery’s dark network understood that here was an opportunity to take a firm remain on isolation. Thus, the Montgomery Improvement Association was framed to arrange a blacklist that would proceed until the transport isolation laws were changed. Pamphlets were circulated advising individuals not to ride the transports, and different types of transport were laid on. The blacklist endured 382 days, causing the Bus Company to lose a tremendous measure of cash. Everybody played and attempted their best to stay aware of the blacklist. They strolled to work and so on. One day this old woman who looked drained and this white men saw her and offered her to ride in his vehicle, she reacted â€Å"my feets is worn out, however my spirit is rested† Meanwhile, Parks was fined for neglecting to comply with a city statute, yet on the exhortation of her legal advisors she would not pay the fine so they could challenge the isolation law in court. The next year, the U. S. Incomparable Court governed the Montgomery isolation law unlawful, and the blacklist was finally canceled. However Parks had begun definitely in excess of a transport blacklist. Different urban areas followed Montgomery’s model and were fighting their isolation laws. Additionally they did different acts, for example, The March on Washington, Martin Luther King’s discourse. Mean explanation they had numerous organiztion which were orgainized very well, for example, NAACP, SNCC, and furthermore their prosperity was on the grounds that Non rough head-to-head encounter. They realized the outcomes disrupting the guidelines however they want and needs were significantly more grounded. Second rush of women's liberation they need a privilege too This dissent start in 1950 and kicked the bucket in 1984. They need to have equivalent compensation, advanced education, and need to end the segregation. Second Wave woman's rights had two branches, Liberal Feminists and Radical Feminists additionally Working class ladies assumed extraordinary job as well. Liberal Feminist’s goals were for balance inside the current social structure and furthermore equity with men. In any case, Radical Feminists goals were to breakdown of the arrangement of intensity that supports mail advantage in each circle of life, including financial matters, legislative issues, the family, religion, law, training, science, and medication, just as in the cooperations of regular day to day existence. Likewise Radical ladies are not characterized as white, working class motivation rather social class and ethnicity/race characterize the issues confronting ladies too. The connection between the Civil Rights Movement and the women's activist plan of Second wave woman's rights those ladies assumed extraordinary job in both. The two of them of these need to have equivalent rights, at work, school, and furthermore end the segregation. Social liberties Movement and Second Wave of Feminism battled incredibly however they had extraordinary achievement. All in all, I would state that Civil Rights Movement and Second Wave of Feminism battled a ton yet after all it was justified, despite all the trouble. They had numerous similitudes and ladies assumed extraordinary jobs sorting out gatherings and cooperation with other ladies that brought solidarity and that lead them into progress. The most effective method to refer to Relationship Between Civil Rights Movement Feminist Agenda, Papers

Nora in a doll’s house behind gendered lines Free Essays

In great Victorian relationships, the overarching standard generalizations jobs in relationships that embody the male-commanded society exemplary of the time ladies filling in as designs or as we probably am aware it today, trophy spouses, to effective men. This overall business as usual is the thing that the general public in Europe especially Norway where A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen was set, sees as the request it should be liberated from disarray and chaos that could compromise the very establishment of the general public. Nora is the representation of a liberated female in that period from the outset, the image of a submissive spouse whose very presence spins around her significant other yet at long last, demonstrating that ladies are not dolls who can be paid off to be the sort of people their husbands need them to be. We will compose a custom article test on Nora in a doll’s house: behind gendered lines or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Nora hence speaks to the cutting edge engaged lady solid, insightful and unyielding to locate her own satisfaction. II. Proposal This paper contends that human rights involve a unique rearrangement of society and its standards fuelled by the two people the same. To start with, ladies like men are exposed to generalizing of jobs that characterizes their jobs that they dislike. Nora and Torvald are both caught in their jobs. Second, it is how much ladies and men grasp the trickiness and fabrication that connotes their ability to be liberated. By the last piece of the conversation, it is apparent that Nora had perceived her need to get herself and be instructed so as to teach others and live cheerfully liberated from double dealing. Third, women’s rights are human rights on the grounds that during the time spent freeing ladies, men are additionally freed. III. Presentation In Victorian occasions, the very idea of women’s rights is progressive and shocking. A Doll’s House spoke to what most ladies in Victorian period in Europe experienced-however they were not exposed to unforgiving working conditions or sexual maltreatment, they are in any case manhandled (Coomaraswamy 16). Nonetheless, to bind that it is just the ladies who are detained in a universe of untruths and trickiness would be a gross misconception of Ibsen’s play. This exposition assesses the great play that unravels the association of European culture (and most nations also) to bring it into request. A Doll’s House by Ibsen is basically broke down on its view of women’s right versus human rights and how it had been fuelled by camouflage and fraud. In addition, an assessment on Act III especially the excellencies of optimism and criticism will be inspected in lieu with the focal topic of ladies freedom. IV. Nora in Ibsen’s Play In the first place, let us start with the job of Nora and Torvald Helmer. In Act I, Nora returns home with Christmas shopping while her significant other rises up out of the investigation. Note that Torvald had called Nora a â€Å"little warbler twittering† (Ibsen, pp.2) and â€Å"little squirrel bustling† (p.2) as a similitude on how he had treated her in the entire play-a presentation and a doll that he can control to anything he desires to. Torvald by calling Nora such names builds up his position inside the family. Nora as his better half is his pet to whom he protects. Step by step instructions to refer to Nora in a doll’s house: behind gendered lines, Papers

Tobacco And Kids Essays - Tobacco, Smoking, Philip Morris

Tobacco and children Tobacco Ads Target Youth Regular 3,000 youngsters begin smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These children represent 90 percent of all new smokers. Indeed, 90 percent of every grown-up smoker said that they first lit up as adolescents (Roberts). These measurements plainly show that youngsters are the ideal objective in the tobacco wars. The cigarette producers may deny it, yet publicizing and advancement play an imperative part in making these realities a reality (Roberts). The rulers of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro utilizes an anecdotal western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel utilizes Joe Camel, a high-moving, swinging animation character. Joe Camel, the smooth character from R.J. Reynolds, who is appeared as a dromedary with complete style has been assaulted by numerous Tobacco-Free Kids associations as a significant effect on the youngsters of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) representative, comments that to kids, adorable animation characters imply that the item is innocuous, yet cigarettes are not innocuous. They need to realize that their advertisements are affecting the young under 18 to start smoking(Breo). Scientists at the Medical College of Georgia report that nearly the same number of 6-year olds perceive Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is extremely stunning data for any parent to hear. The business denies that these images target individuals under 21 what's more, guarantee that their publicizing objective is essentially to advance brand exchanging and dedication. Numerous individuals can't help contradicting this announcement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states If we can diminish the number of youthful smokers, the tobacco organizations will be in a difficult situation and they know it (Roberts). So what do the tobacco organizations do to keep their industry fit as a fiddle? Apparently, they go toward a market that isn't completely mindful of the damage that cigarettes are prepared to do. U.S. News as of late highlighted a conversation of the smoking issue with 20 youngsters from rural Baltimore. The gathering comprised of ten young men and ten young ladies between the ages of 15 and 17. When inquired as to why they begun smoking, they gave two opposing reasons: They needed to be a piece of a companion gathering. They additionally needed to connect and revolt at a similar time. When you party, 75 to 90 percent of the children are smoking. It causes you to feel like you have a place, says Devon Harris, a senior at Woodlawn High. Youngsters additionally consider smoking an indication of autonomy. The greater power figures advise them not to smoke, the almost certain they are to get the propensity (Roberts). The astonishing thing is that these children realize that they are being affected by cigarette promoting. In the event that these children realize that this promoting is controlling them, for what reason do they despite everything continue smoking? The promotions are all over the place, particularly in teenager situated magazines, for example, Rolling Stone and Spin. The advertisements likewise fuel a portion of the reasons the youngsters gave for beginning. They speak to insubordination, freedom, acknowledgment what's more, satisfaction. These are on the whole the things a youngster, between youth and youthfulness, needs and wants. This kind of promoting, on peer pressure, is the riddle behind the ascend in immature smoking. How would we prevent the fate of America from smoking? Here are three things that the specialists suggest. Attempt to persuade your youngsters that smoking isn't cool. Converse with your children at a youthful age about the risks of smoking. Recognize relatives who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas). Kids are the most significant ware we are given throughout everyday life. How about we attempt to instruct them while they're youthful to be free masterminds and to not be influenced by the tobacco organizations who are attempting to exploit their psyche and body. - Works Cited Bill Clinton versus Joe Camel. U.S. News and World Report. 2 Sep. 1996: 12. Infotrac. On the web. 27 Oct. 1996. Offering Tobacco to Kids. America. 17 Feb. 1996: 3. Infotrac. On the web. 27 Oct. 1996. Roberts, Steven. Teens on tobacco; kids smoke for reasons all their own. U.S. News and World Report. 18 Apr. 1996: 38. Infotrac. On the web. 27 Oct. 1996. Thomas, Roger E. 10 stages to keep the youngsters in your training nonsmokers. American Family Physician. Aug.

Stiffness Car Chassis - Free Essay Example

Introduction The purpose of the project is to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of the existing car chassis, without disturbing the shape provided for engine mountings and drivers space and other constraints provided by the existing chassis model. Why is it so important to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of the chassis? In general to define chassis in this way, first a clear meaning of structure should be known. In general perspective a structure can be defined as a specific arrangement of material to resist loads. This structure should also enable to the location of the components such as engine mountings, transmission, fuel tank, suspension system etc. So it must resist loads without breaking, and without more deflection. If the chassis cannot resist loads it leads to a serious handling problems, and will not support the engine and transmission system, also the chassis should be light enough to maintain weight to power ratio and better handling in corners. 1.1 Background to project The principle loads that includes on the chassis are, by the engine, the aerodynamics, brakes, road irregularities, the inertia loads due to masses under accelerations and vibrations. Also the chassis must with stand impact loads, having absorbed part of crash energy by deformation which includes the bending, torsion, combined bending and torsion, also lateral and longitudinal loads. So the chassis structure should be strong in stiffness in design case rather than strength. The chassis and body developments should also reduce weight because it improves the vehicle ride, handling, improves the performance of car by reducing the drag because of high weight to power ratio, and also will reduce the need for power there by increases the fuel efficiency. Because of this now even mass produced passengers cars lightened up by the most detailed weight-watcher engineering techniques due to corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations of the federal government. Lighter vehicle r equires less power, hence less fuel, for equal performance. History The demand for the chassis with high torsion stiffness and low weight had increased from the World War 2. This demand had led to the innovation of many kinds such as Space frame, stressed skin etc. These types had become universal among the European road race cars following its appearance in the Lotus MK and the Mercedes-Benz 300SL in 1952. These are the cars which used strictly space frame chassis and the attention they received had popularized the idea. Major automobile industries in present era are purchasing the competitive vehicles and disassembled them carefully to study the weight and stiffness of car for comparison with the equivalent part of their own vehicle. So this lead to a competitive reasons than for increase fuel economy. Today have been included to expand the following three reasons: A means for recognising opportunities for overall weight reduction for better fuel economy. The means for determining centre of gravity (CG) location and polar moment of inertia. Detail weight estimates provides target figure of cost estimates of all parts. To resist inertial loads under accelerations, accidents etc. Structural efficiency A designer can achieve enough stiffness for a chassis from any form of construction, if enough material is used. This is not the criteria of a designer, to assess the efficiency of structure its stiffness must be considered in relation to the weight. The below shows the absolute increase in stiffness achieved in recent years is the increase in stiffness to weight ratio. Vehicle year Torsional stiffness(lb-ft/degree) Structure weight (lb) Stiffness/weight ratio Lotus 21 F1 1961 700 82.0 8.5 Lotus 24 F1 1962 1,000 72 13.9 Mc Laren F1 1966 11,000 Na Na Lotus 79F1 1979 3,000 95 31.6 Lotus 79 F1 Late 1979 5,000 85 58.8 Lotus F1 1980 10,000 75 133.33 Lola F1 1993 30,000 80 375 Table1: Demand for increase in structural efficiency. Literature Review Introduction: The loads that are experienced on a chassis are light commercial loads due to normal running conditions are considered. That is caused as the vehicle transverses uneven ground as the driver performs various manoeuvres. Basically there are five load cases to consider. Bending case. Torsion case. Combined bending and torsion case. Lateral loading. Fore and aft loading. 2.1.1. Bending case This type of loading is caused due to the weight of components distributed along the frame of the vehicle in the vertical plane which causes the bending about y-axis. The bending case depends mainly on the weight of the major components in the car and the payload. First the static condition is considered by determining the load distribution along the vehicle. The axle reaction loads are obtained by resolving the forces and by taking the moments form the weights and positions of the components. 2.1.2. Torsion case The vehicle body is subjected to the moments applied at the axels centrelines by applying both upward and downward loads are at the each axle in this case. Because of this it results in a twisting action or torsion moment about x-axis of the vehicle. The condition of pure torsion does not exist on its own because of the vertical loads always exist due to gravity. However for the calculation purpose the pure torsion is assumed. The maximum torsion moments are based on loads at the lighter loaded axle, its value can be calculated by the wheel load on the lighter loaded axle multiplied by the wheel track. The loads at the wheels are shown in the above figure. So the torsion moment is given as: RF tf = RR tr 2 2 Where tf and tr are front and rear track respectively and R f and Rr are front and rear loads. These loads are based on the static reaction loads but dynamic factors in this case are typically 1.3 for road vehicles (Pawlowski, 1964). 2.1.3. Combined bending and torsion In practice the torsion will not exist without bending as gravitational forces are always present. So the two cases must be considered when representing a real situation. Fig3: combined bending and torsion. 2.1.4. Lateral loading This type of loading is experienced by the vehicle at the corner or when it slides against a Kerb, i.e. loads along the y-axis. The lateral loads are generated while cornering at the tyre to ground contact patches which are balanced by the centrifugal force MV2 / R, M stands for vehicle mass, V vehicle velocity , R is the radius of the corner. The disaster occurs when the wheel reactions on the inside of the turn drop to zero, that means that the vehicle ready to turn over. In this case vehicle will be subjected to bending in x-y plane. The condition that applies to the roll over is shown in the below figure and it also depends up on the height of the vehicle centre of gravity and the track. At this particular condition the resultant of the centrifugal force and the weight that passes along the outside wheels contact patch. And hence lateral acceleration is V2/R=gt/2h Lateral force at the centre of gravity MV2/R = Mgt/2h. Front tyre side forces YF = Mgt b/2h(a+b). At the rear tyres YR = Mgt a/ 2h(a+b). From the lateral acceleration it is clear that it is t/2h times that of the gravitational acceleration. Kerb bumping will cause high loads and will roll over in exceptional circumstances. And also this high loads will cause in the bending in the x-y plane are not critical as the width of the vehicle will provide the sufficient bending strength and stiffness. 2.1.5. Fore and aft loading At the time of acceleration and breaking longitudinal forces will come into picture along the x-axis. Traction and braking forces at the tyre to ground contact points are reacted by mass times acceleration inertia forces as shown in below figure. The important cases such as bending, torsion, bending and torsion will come into play as these determine the satisfactory structure (Pawlowski, 1964). 2.1.5.1 Longitudinal loading At the time of vehicle accelerates or decelerates, the inertia forces are generated. The loads generated can be transferred from one axle to another by the inertia forces as the centre of gravity of the vehicle is above the road surface. While accelerating the weight is transferred from front axle to the rear axle and vice versa at the time breaking and decelerating condition. To have a clear picture of forces acting on the body a height of the centres of gravity of all structures are required. And its not so easy to determine. A simplified model considering one inertia force generated at the vehicle centre of gravity can provide useful information about the local loading at the axle positions due to breaking and traction forces. Front wheel drive, the reaction on the driving wheel is: RF = Mg(L-a) Mh(dV/dt) L Rear wheel drive, the reaction on the driving wheel is: RR = Mga + Mh(dV/dt) L In braking case the reactions on the axles are: RF = Mg(L-a) + Mh(dV/dt) L 2.1.6. Allowable stresses From the above discussed loads it is clear that it will induce stresses in all over the structure. So it is important that under the worst load conditions that the stresses induced into the structure are kept to acceptable limits. In consideration of the static loads of a limited amount should give a stress level certainly below the yield stress. If analysed the bending case for a road gong car is considered the maximum allowable stress should be limited as follows: Stress due to static load ÃÆ'—Dynamic factor à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 2/3ÃÆ'— yield stress. The above equation says that under any worst load condition the stress should not exceed 67% of the yield stress. Alternatively the safety factor against yield is 1.5 for the worst possible load condition. 2.1.7 Bending stiffness It is equally important to consider the bending stiffness weather to say the structure is sufficiently strong or not. So an equal and important assessment is given to the structural stiffness. Therefore many designers consider the stiffness is most important than strength. It is possible to design a structure which is sufficiently strong but yet unsatisfactory because of insufficient stiffness. Designing for acceptable stiffness is therefore often more critical than designing for sufficient strength. For vehicles the bending stress is determined by the limits of deflection of the side frame door apertures. In case of excessive deflection the doors will not shut properly. Local stiffness of floor is also important because it minimises the safety of the passenger. 2.1.8 Torsion stiffness If the stiffness is low the driver may feel that the vehicle in front will be shaking with the front wing structures moving up and down. The practical problems of doors failing to close properly will also be seen. A similar thing will be seen in the jacking points that are positioned at the corners of the vehicle. For fast moving cars the torsion stiffness is very important because it may cause serious handling problems. Therefore care should be taken in maintaining sufficient torsion stiffness. So from the all above dimensions of forces and handling of a vehicle chassis should be stiff enough and also should be less in weight. 2.1.9 Chassis types Chassis are classified into several types they are: Ladder frames. Cruciform frames. Torque tube back bone frame. Space frame. Monocoque. In the present era of automotive industry designers are using the space frame and monocoque for the justification of design problems and to sufficient structural stiffness. 2.1.9.1 Space frame A space frame chassis is a development of four tube chassis, both of them look quite similar. But the space frame differs in several key areas and offers very good advantages when compared to the predecessor. A space frame is an arrangement of many straight tubes in which the loads acting are either in tension or compression. The figure below shows the clear idea of a space frame. But from the above figure it is clear that the diagonal member is pulled in tension when a load is acted on it. This above illustration is the simple idea of the space frame chassis. This experiencing of loads in either tension or compression is a major advantage. So none of the tubes will be subjected to the load will tend to bend in the middle. Since the space frames are very good in torsion stiffness. The three dimensional space frame chassis are used for specialist cars such as sports racing cars. This type of vehicle design is used for low volume and mass production as well. In this typ e of structure it is imperative to ensure that all planes fully triangulated by doing so the beam elements are essentially loaded in tension and compression. In the space frame welded joints are done it retains bending and torsion at the joints, but to rely on this restrains will render the structure less stiff. The stiffness is provided by the diagonal member subject to direct tension or compression. 2.1.9.2 Space frame principles A space frame is three dimensional arrangements of tubes loaded in pure tension and compression. The joints between them can be replaced by the ball joints without affecting the stiffness. Other important feature is all loads enter and leave the structure at the points of intersection of three or more tubes. The structural elements do not have to be tubes and the joints do not have to be welded. In terms of torsional stiffness the space frame attempts to connect the four spring anchorages so that is impossible to twist the pair without stretching and compressing the tube. AIMS The first thing to undertake this research is to set some basic aims that need to be achieved. As the aim of the project is stated to reduce the weight and increase the stiffness of existing vehicle chassis. So the main aims are in terms of weight, stiffness, and size. 3.1. Weight Weight was a main consideration in the research it is very crucial to reduce it to that of original weight. It helps in improving the weight to power ratio, better fuel efficiency and performance. 3.2. Stiffness It is also another key factor to be considered in the research. The stiffness must be improved to that of existing one in case of torsion, bending. 3.3. Size Last but not the least, the above reduction in weight and increase in stiffness must be achieved without effecting the size and shape of the chassis. This is important because it should not affect the driver to get in the car, and appearance of the car. And also the constraints set for the positioning of the engine etc should not be changed. 3.4. Requirements Certain requirements beyond my research boundary and aims are needed to be specified, to make up and achieving success in my research they are: The elements in the space frame which should not disturb must be specified. The dimensions of the chassis, and the materials used must be specified. The specification of the loads on the chassis. The original weight of the chassis which is going to be modified. The stiffness that chassis must be in terms of torsion, bending. Project Objectives The objectives of the project are: To analyse the original chassis, its structure, weight, stiffness, torsion, and materials used. Research the characteristics of space frame chassis and discover the effects with respect to vehicle handling and performance in case of bending and torsion loads. The benefits and performance of materials when replaced by the original one in terms of weight and stiffness. The research should be done with resources available. From testing and changing the elements, dimensions other than the constraints in lab, modifying the improvements in chassis. Analysing the results to that of the original chassis and comparing. Research Questions What are the materials used for the chassis construction? What are positions in the chassis which should not be disturbed? What is maximum allowable weight, stiffness and loads that being subjected by the chassis? What will be effect on stiffness and weight if certain elements of the chassis were replaced by the other materials? If the diameter and size of the elements were changed what will be the effect on weight and stiffness? If the positions of the elements other than the elements which should not be disturbed, i.e. by mix and matching, replacing the positions. What will be the effect on stiffness and weight? If the circular tube cross-sectional elements of the chassis in some areas are replaced by square tube cross-sectional elements, what will be the effect on stiffness and weight? Research Approach and Design 6.1. Introduction The problem being researched is quantitative rather than qualitative. It deals in numerical values and variables, predetermined categories, focuses on specific knowledge and control of variables. The approach of this research is different to that of qualitative research which would involve human subjects, questionnaires and interviews. The approach will be analytical which will include experimental analysis, analysing the data, interpreting the results, comparisons etc. 6.2. Approach and design The research is about how to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of existing vehicle chassis. The research is based on a lot of literature, experimental design and analysis. It should be well designed, planned and managed to ensure that the results can be analysed, interpreted and presented. Throughout the period of the research a process was followed to produce a successful report on the analysis done with that of the original chassis they are: Setting some benchmarks in regarding to the design of chassis. Analyse the previous chassis, and getting an idea in terms of stiffness, weight, shape. Developing the modelling, and analysing techniques that allows the process to be simple and can be modified easily. Gaining the information regarding the dimensions of the chassis from the designers and the areas in the chassis which should not be disturbed in terms of design. Looking for the possibility of the new considerations that were not previously included in the design. Considering the feedback of the supervisor as the process of the research goes on. 6.3. Experiment design It includes a statement of problem to be solved. Before going to do the research on the experimental design it is important to consider all points of view of what the experiment is intended to do. 6.3.1 Response variable The problem must include reference to at least on characteristic of a unit on which information is to be obtained. Those characteristics are called response or dependent variables. In this research the response variables are weight and stiffness, which are dependent on material, design, etc. In addition to reference of the response variable, some questions should be asked. They are measurements methods, what tools are required to measure the variable? Can variable can be measured accurately or not? 6.3.2 Independent variables The variables which control the response variables are called Independent variables. In this piece of work the independent variables are: Load on the space frame chassis. Material used for the chassis. Design of the chassis. Size and shape. The independent variables will be chosen randomly one at a time or by considering more than one independent variable. The response on the dependent are analysed and compared to that of original chassis. 6.3.3. Design Before the data is collected and results are drawn, it is important to know how to solve the problem with a limited amount of time and available resources. It is important to note how many observations should be taken, what is the maximum amount of deviation in terms of stiffness and weight in comparable to original one. Also attention is required in handling the independent variables. 6.3.4. Analysis comparison The final step in the experiment is to compare the results of the optimised chassis to that of the results on the original one, and approach the problem by checking and comparing the results. This will be done by the preparation of the graphical displays of the values in terms of weight and stiffness. Its important to make sure that the results are within the prescribed limits. If its not, follow the investigation again by controlling the independent variables. 6.4. FSAE chassis Rules and Requirements. There are some rules that must be followed throughout the design and construction of chassis. If these rules are not followed strictly the FSAE car will be eliminated from the competition. The rules that have to be followed are. Structural requirements. Minimum material requirements. Alternative tubing and material. Steel tubing requirements. Aluminium tubing requirements. Composite material requirements. Roll hoops requirements. Tube frames. 6.4.1 Structural requirements. The structure of the vehicle must include two roll hoops, front bulk head with support system and impact Attenuator, and side impact structures. 6.4.2 Minimum material requirements. 6.4.2.1 Baseline Steel Material. The structure of the car must be constructed with: Round, mild or alloy, steel tubing (minimum 0.1% carbon) of the minimum dimensions according to the following table. Item or Application Outside diameter ÃÆ'— Wall thickness Main and Front hoops, Shoulder harness mounting bar. inch (25.4 mm) x 0.095 inch (2.4 mm) 25.0 mm x 2.50 mm metric Side Impact Structure, Front Bulkhead Roll Hoop Bracing, Drivers Restraint Harness attachment. inch (25.4mm) ÃÆ'— 0.0065 inch (1.65mm) or 25.0mm ÃÆ'— 1.75mm metric or 25.4mm ÃÆ'—1.60mm metric. Front bulk head support. 1.0 inch (25.4mm) ÃÆ'— 0.049 inch (1.25 mm) Or 25.0 mm ÃÆ'—1.5 mm metric or 26.0mm ÃÆ'— 1.2 mm metric. Table 6.4.2: Minimum material requirements. (Source: FAE rules 2008) 6.4.2.2 Alternative Tubing and Material The chassis can be constructed with alternative tubing and material but not for the Main Roll Hoop and Main Roll Hoop Bracing. These must be constructed only with the Steel, to say in other words the use of Composites and other materials such as Aluminium or alloys are strictly prohibited. If the chassis was to constructed with alternate tubing rather than material, the tubing must not be thinner than as shown below. 6.4.2.2.1: Minimum wall thickness for steel tubing requirements Material and Application: Minimum wall thickness: Steel tubing for front and Main Roll Hoops 2.0 mm (0.079 inch) Steel tubing for Roll hoop Bracing, Front bulk head drivers harness attachment. 1.6 mm (0.063 inch) Steel tubing for side impact structure front bulk head support. 1.2 mm (0.047 inch) Table 6.4.2.2.1: Minimum wall thickness for steel tubing requirements Source: FSAE 2008 rules. 6.4.2.3: Aluminium tubing requirements Minimum wall thickness: Material Application : Minimum wall thickness: Aluminium tubing 3.0 mm (0.118 inch) Table 6.4.2.3: Aluminium tubing requirements. (Source: FSAE 2008 rules). 6.4.3. Roll Hoops The Roll hoop design criteria must justify the following: 6.4.3.1. Main Hoop The drivers head and hands must not contact the ground in any rollover attitude. The frame must include both Main Hoop and Front Hoops The Main Hoop must be constructed of single uncut tubing made of steel as per the minimum tubing requirements. The use alternate material is prohibited for construction of main hoop. The main hoop must extend from the lowest member on one side of the frame, to the down towards the lowest Frame member on the other side of the frame. In the side of the car the portion of the attachment of the Main Roll Hoop which lies above the attachment point of the main structure of the frame must be within 10 degrees to the vertical. The vertical members of the Main Hoop must be at least 380mm apart at the location where the Main Hoop is attached to the Major Structure of the Frame. In the Front view of the vehicle. 6.4.3.2. Front Hoop The Front Hoop must be constructed of closed structure of steel as minimum tubing requirements. The use composite materials are prohibited. The Front Hoop Frame member must extend from one side of the Frame, to the down over and towards the lowest Frame member on the other side of the Frame. The top most surface of the Front Hoop should not be below the top of the steering wheel in any angular position. The front Hoop should be no more than 250 mm forward of the steering wheel when measured horizontally through the vehicle centre line. No part of the Front Hoop should be inclined at not more than 20 degrees in the side view. 6.4.3.3. Main Hoop General Requirements A straight line drawn from the top of the main hoop to the top of the front hoop must be clear by 50.8 mm of the helmet of the teams drivers and the helmet of a 95th percentile male. When seated normally and restrained by the Drivers Restraint system. 95th Percentile Male Template Dimensions A two dimensional template used to represent the 95th percentile male is made to the following dimensions: A circle of diameter 200 mm (7.87 inch) will represent the hips and buttocks. A circle of diameter 200 mm (7.87 inch) will represent the shoulder/cervical region. A circle of diameter 300 mm (11.81 inch) will represent the head (with helmet). A straight line measuring 490 mm (19.29 inch) will connect the centres of the two 200 mm circles. A straight line measuring 280 mm (11.02 inch) will connect the centres of the upper 200 mm circle and the 300 mm head circle. The 95th percentile male template will be positioned as follows: the seat will be Source: FSAE rules 2008. 6.4.4. Front Impact Structure The drivers feet are always with in the Major structure of the Frame. No part of the drivers feet should be above or outside the Frame in the side and front views, while touching the pedals. Forward of the Front bulk head must be energy- absorbing Attenuator. 6.4.4.1. Bulk Head The requirements of the Bulk head in a Front impact structure are: It should be constructed of closed section tubing. It should be located in front of all non-crushable objects. It should be positioned in such way that the soles of the driver when they touch the pedals must be rearward of the bulkhead plane. Monocoque construction must approve a Structural Equivalency Form. 6.4.5. Side Impact Structure The Side Impact structure must satisfy the following: 6.4.5.1. Tube Frames The Side impact structure must be contained with at least three tubular members located on the each side of the driver when seated in the normal driving position. The required three tubular members must be within the material specification. The location for the three required tubular members are: The top structural member of the side impact must connect the Main Hoop and the Front Hoop at the height in between 300 mm and 350 mm above the ground including the 77kg driver seated in the normal driving position. The impact structural member on the lower side must connect to the bottom of the Main Hoop and the bottom of the Front Hoop. The diagonal side impact structural member must connect the upper and lower sides of the impact structural members forward of the main Hoop and rearward of the Front Hoop. Planning the time scales of project. Organising, and fixing the time schedules. Setting aims and objectives. Research questions. 7.2. Literature review Need for reducing the weight and increase the stiffness of chassis. Loads that act on chassis in various cases. Looking at Space frame chassis clearly, and understanding it. Looking at any previous work done similar to this. Any bench marks regarding the weight and stiffness i.e. minimum weight and rigidity that a chassis should be. Also the positions of elements in regarding to the drivers safety, suspension, steering, engine mountings etc. Materials that were used to build the chassis. Diameter of tubes and permissible wall thickness in a chassis should be. Can the outer diameter of the tube be increased and wall thickness be decreased or vice versa. Any option given for change the material of tubes, for example can a mild steel element be replaced with Aluminium or Composites? If the materials were changed does it meet the requirements in weight, stiffness and cost, manufacturability? 7.3. Analysis and interpretation of results Importing the image files of CAD drawings of the original chassis into the FEA software. Analysing the original chassis in weight, stiffness, materials used, outer diameter, wall thickness. Designing the experiments. Changing the wall thickness, outer diameter, positioning of elements by using the FEA software tool. Looking for any areas were design can be changed. Looking at areas where maximum elements can be replaced with minimum elements. Getting the results after running the solver and then comparing it with results to that of original chassis. If the results were satisfied in terms of weight and stiffness, problem was solved. If not the experiment was repeated again and analysed. Project Risk Assessment, Healthy and Safety In this Project the use of resources are: LRC, and journal data bases for literature searching. FEA laboratory for interpretation of results and analysis. The benchmarks are provided by the makers of original chassis. Also the chassis provided is just the CAD drawing but not structure is given in physical way. So analysis will be took place in the LAB which includes change in material, diameters, wall thickness, position of elements etc all will done by use of FEA software tool. But not done manually with machining, welding etc while changing the parameters of elements. So the project risk assessment, health safety are very minimum. And the project will not include for health safety and risk assessment. Ethical Issues The Research which is being done is Quantitative rather than Qualitative. It concentrates on measuring the variables and interpretation results and analysing, and comparing. So it is clear that it does not contain involvement of investigating subjective data and also the perceptions of involvement of people. References Race car chassis : design and construction / Forbes Aird. Publisher: Motorbooks International, 1997. Practical research: planning and design. Edition: 8th ed., International ed. / Paul D. Leedy, Jeanne Ellis Ormrod. Publisher: Merrill Prentice Hall, c2005. Design and analysis of experiments / Douglas C. Montgomery. Edition: 2nd ed. Publisher: Wiley, c1984. An introduction to modern vehicle design / edited by Julian Happian-Smith. Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001 The modern Formula 1 race car: from drawing board to racetrack / Nigel Macknight. Publisher: Motorbooks International, 1993. Formula 1 technology / Peter Wright; illustrations by Tony Matthews Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers, c2001. The science of Formula 1 design: expert analysis of the anatomy of the modern Grand Prix car / David Tremayne. Haynes, 2004.

Tips for hospitality management

Find the aspects of your unique personality that would work well with this career track. Are you interested in a career in hospitality?   Do you see yourself managing a five-star hotel, resort, vacation tour company, exclusive spa, small bed and breakfast or top-flight restaurant? If you’re planning to pursue a degree in hospitality management, ideally from one of the top two programs – Cornell or UNLV   (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) – you’ll need to first think about what you’ve done in your professional life and personal experiences that have led you to want a career in hospitality, and what you plan to do with the degree. Here are a few tips as you approach the application process. Make a few notes for yourself on each one so you have an â€Å"idea bank† to draw on once you sit down to draft your essays: †¢   Ã‚  What life experiences (work, travel, or as a guest) have you had that would â€Å"translate† into a career in hospitality? (ex. Did you work on a cruise ship one summer, as a sous chef in a cafà © in college, or at Disneyworld? Even something simple, like waitressing, could be worked into an interesting essay). †¢   Ã‚  What do you see as your dream career in hospitality and how can your background (academic and/or professional) help you achieve that dream? †¢   Ã‚  What do you see as the future of the global hospitality industry and why?   How can you see yourself taking part in that future? (i.e. maybe you speak several languages and see the industry as a very international one, or maybe you care deeply about the environment and see the future as one that focuses on sustainability). †¢   Ã‚  What inspires you about the world of hospitality?   Really try to come up with an honest answer that in some way expresses your passion or vision for the field. †¢   Ã‚  This is a people profession.   What qualities do you have that relate to that type of work?   Are you bilingual, outgoing, a great manager, excited about sharing a certain regional food or stunning vista with a wide variety of visitors?   Are you perhaps patient (hospitality people have to handle a lot of complaints!) or a perfectionist, or passionate about aesthetics and design?   Find the aspects of your unique personality that would work well with this career track. †¢   Ã‚  Do your homework on the program you’re interested in—why is this program right for you?   Do you see yourself running a small hotel in Paris, a huge Hawaiian resort, or teaching at a culinary school in rural New England?   Try to find the specific classes, programs, and internship opportunities at the school that feels most right to you, and be prepared to tell them why they are the one for you, and you for them. Bon Voyage! //